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Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaves from P. cablin extracts were investigated. The water extracts had the highest total phenolic content 116.88±0.48 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry plant extract. Nevertheless, high levels of total flavonoid content were found in ethanolic extracts 280.12 ± 2.04 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry plant extract. The highest antioxidant activities were found for the ethanolic extract (IC 50 = 18 ± 0.90, 20 ± 0.24 g/mL) by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, respectively. Both extracts showed moderate inhibition of superoxide inhibition (O 2•− ) and nitric oxide (NO) production in concentration-dependent manner. Antibacterial activity was calculated by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC). The ethanolic extract had the greatest activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin sensitive S. aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes with zone diameters of 11.67 ± 1.53, 10.33 ± 2.52, and 10.33 ± 1.15 mm, respectively. The corresponding MIC and MBCs were 5, 0.625, and 0.039 mg/mL. P. cablin extracts contain antioxidant and antibacterial properties that should be exploited for possible clinical application.

e aril (mace) of Myristica fragrans, known as Dok-Chan, is a spice that has long been used for treating stomach discomfort, peptic ulcer, and nausea. It is an ingredient in many remedies in ai traditional medicine, e.g., Ya-Hom-ep-Bha-Jit, Ya-Hom-Nao-Wa-Kot, and Ya-at-Bun-Job, which are used to treat dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal tract symptoms. e aqueous and ethanolic extracts of mace were used for all tests. Anti-H. pylori activities were determined by the disc diffusion method and agar dilution. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) inhibition in a RAW264.7 cell line, and cytotoxicity was determined against gastric cancer cell lines (Kato III) using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. e DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical cation decolorization assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities. e result found that the ethanolic extract of mace exhibited antimicrobial activity against H. pylori ATCC 43504 and six clinical strains with MIC values of 125-250 μg/ml. e aqueous extract MICs against H. pylori ATCC reference strain and six clinical strains were 500 μg/ml compared with 0.5 μg/ml for the positive control, clarithromycin. e inhibitory effect of LPS-induced NO release and cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract had IC 50 values of 82.19 μg/ml and 26.06 μg/ml, respectively, and the EC 50 values for the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays were 13.41 μg/ml and 12.44 μg/ml, respectively. e mace extract also had anticancer properties. In conclusion, the ethanolic mace extract had anti-H. pylori, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. ese data support further preclinical and clinical investigation to see if the mace extract could have a role in treating patients with dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, and possibly gastric cancer.

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A Thai traditional remedy called Benchalokawichian (BLW) consists of 5 plant species, Ficus racemosa, Capparis micracantha, Clerodendrum petasites, Harrisonia perforata, and Tiliacora triandra. It has long been used in Thai traditional medicine to reduce fever in respiratory tract infection, but there is no report on either cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines of the respiratory tract system or anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, the objectives of this research were to investigate the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic and water extracts of BLW, its single plant ingredients and its isolated compounds against 5 cancer cell lines of the respiratory tract, by SRB assay. Anti-inflammatory activity of all extracts and compounds was also tested by using lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells. The main compounds were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and compared with BLW and plant ingredients. A major compound of BLW and H. perforata ethanolic extracts is perforatic acid, which inhibited the growth of 2 lung cancer cell lines, A549 and H226, with IC 50 values of 6.7 and 13.2 µg/mL. The ethanolic extract of BLW and T. triandra showed cytotoxic activity against all cancer cell lines with IC 50 values in the range of 10.1 to 45.2 µg/mL. In contrast, all EtOH extracts showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity, but the water extract had no inhibitory effect on either activity. Pectolinarigenin and O-methyllaloptaeroxyrin, 2 minor compounds, exhibited NO inhibitory effect with IC 50 values of 7.1 and 7.9 µg/mL, respectively, whereas perforatic acid was inactive (>50 µg/mL). Moreover, pectolinarigenin showed high cytotoxic activity against all cancer cell lines of the respiratory system with IC 50 values in the range of 1.9 to 9.1 µg/mL. As a result, these 2 minor compounds can be used as markers for quality control of BLW for anti-inflammatory activity. Perforatic acid and pectolinarigenin are of interest for further study on their cytotoxic mechanism. Remarkably, T. triandra, one of the plant components of BLW, is possibly the source of the active cytotoxic compounds.

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The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial properties against Helicobacter pylori and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of crude A. krervanh extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ethanolic and aqueous extracts were measured against standard strain H. pylori standard (ATCC 43504) and six clinical isolates by disc diffusion and agar dilution. Anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages using the Griess assay and the ELISA measurement of proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Their cytotoxic activities against macrophages were determined by the MTT assay. ABTS and DPPH scavenging assays measured the antioxidant activities. Only the ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity with mean inhibition zones of 9.0-19.3 mm for a corresponding MIC of 250 µg/ml; the clarithromycin MICs ranged from 0.5-1 µg/ml. This extract also inhibited production of NO (mean IC 50 98.99 ± 0.39 µg/ml) and IL-6 (mean IC 50 18.68 ± 2.16 µg/ml) and exhibited moderate antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays: mean IC 50 s 95.92 ± 1.26 and 90.35 ± 2.25 µg/ml, respectively. Thus ethanolic extract showed a greater spectrum of activity that could be exploited further as adjunct treatments of H. pylori related gastrointestinal disease.