O artigo aborda questões teóricas da conservação e restauração dos monumentos históricos e sua relação com a deontologia profissional. Com esse intuito são examinadas, em linhas gerais, as transformações por que passaram as teorias de restauro e conservação, destacando-se os preceitos formulados por Alois Riegl e Cesare Brandi. Analisam-se também as tendências contemporâneas, com o intuito de averiguar os princípios gerais que deveriam guiar as intervenções. Procura-se enfatizar a relevância da reflexão teórica para enfrentar os problemas em toda a sua complexidade. Mostra-se a importância essencial do entendimento dos monumentos históricos também como documentos históricos, de modo a fundamentar uma prática profissional baseada em sólida deontologia, como meio eficiente e responsável de preservar os aspectos materiais, históricos, formais e simbólicos dos monumentos. Palavras-chave: Monumentos históricos. Teoria da restauração e da conservação. Deontologia profissional. History and Ethics in Conservation and Restoration of Historic Monuments The article deals with theoretical problems associated with the conservation and restoration of historic monuments and their relation with professional deontology. The historical transformations undergone by restoration and conservation theories are examined in broad lines, emphasizing the importance of the principles formulated by Alois Riegl and Cesare Brandi. The contemporary tendencies are also analyzed in order to verify the principles that should guide the interventions. The author seeks to place an emphasis on the relevance of theoretical reflection in order to face problems in their full intricacy. The article shows that the perception of historic monuments also as historic documents is essential to a professional practice based on a solid deontology. That is considered to be an efficient and responsible means of preserving the material, historic, formal and symbolic values of monuments.
RESUMO: Este artigo propõe uma leitura crítica da Carta de Veneza, documento-base do Icomos, fruto de congresso realizado em 1964. No brasil, a Carta é citada com muita frequência, mas não entendida na mesma medida. As chamadas cartas patrimoniais são documentos -em especial aquelas derivadas de organismos internacionais -cujo caráter é indicativo ou, no máximo, prescritivo. Constituem base deontológica para as várias profissões envolvidas na preservação, mas não são receituário de simples aplicação. Para elaborar uma leitura fundamentada do documento, suas formulações devem ser entendidas em relação aos postulados teóricos da época em que foi produzida e aos desdobramentos do campo. Aqui, abordam-se esses temas, associando-os a comentários e esclarecimentos a respeito dos artigos da Carta, mencionando a origem de determinadas ideias, a forma como a Carta se aproxima ou difere de documentos anteriores, e as bases teóricas de determinadas proposições ali contidas. Esse processo de análise crítica fundamentada do documento é necessário para que as indicações ali contidas possam ser interpretadas de modo mais pleno, de modo a poder utilizá-las, na prática, nos dias de hoje. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Carta de Veneza. Conservação. Restauração. bens Culturais. Monumentos Históricos. Patrimônio Arquitetônico.AbSTRACT: This paper presents a critical reading of the Venice Charter, an Icomos key document, fruit of a conference held in 1964. The Charter is often quoted in brazil but is not always properly understood. The conservation and restoration charters -especially those produced by international institutions -are documents that have an indicatory or, at the most, prescriptive character. They constitute the deontological foundation of many professionals involved in preservation, but they are not recipes for immediate use. In order to elaborate a well-founded reading of the document, its ideas must be understood in connection to the theoretical postulates of the time they were engendered and to the developments of the field. Thus this paper will examine these subjects, commenting and enlightening the Charter's articles and pointing out the origins of specific ideas. It also discusses how the Charter relates to previous documents and their theoretical foundations. This approach, based in a critical analysis, is necessary in order to reach a fuller interpretation of the Charter's indications so that they can be used in the present. Analisar esses documentos de maneira fundamentada, para que se tenha um entendimento mais pleno de suas formulações, é atividade essencial para quem trabalha com preservação 3 , sobretudo por serem textos concisos, que têm, em geral, caráter indicativo e não constituem um receituário a ser aplicado diretamente na prática. As cartas patrimoniais têm dado origem, recentemente, a interpretações apressadas -não por acaso num período de aceleração do tempo, em que até mesmo parte da produção acadêmica é marcada por uma tendência "produtivista", incorrendo, por conseguinte, em "redutivismo" -, e muitas vezes ...
ABSTRACT:Documentation of cultural assets through improved acquisition processes for advanced 3D modelling is one of the main challenges to be faced in order to address, through digital representation, advanced analysis on shape, appearance and conservation condition of cultural heritage. 3D modelling can originate new avenues in the way tangible cultural heritage is studied, visualized, curated, displayed and monitored, improving key features such as analysis and visualization of material degradation and state of conservation. An applied research focused on the analysis of surface specifications and material properties by means of 3D laser scanner survey has been developed within the project of Digital Preservation of FAUUSP building, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. The integrated 3D survey has been performed by the DIAPReM Center of the Department of Architecture of the University of Ferrara in cooperation with the FAUUSP. The 3D survey has allowed the realization of a point cloud model of the external surfaces, as the basis to investigate in detail the formal characteristics, geometric textures and surface features. The digital geometric model was also the basis for processing the intensity values acquired by laser scanning instrument; this method of analysis was an essential integration to the macroscopic investigations in order to manage additional information related to surface characteristics displayable on the point cloud.
The main objective of this research is to deepen the debate on theoretical questions which should guide the practical interventions aiming at the preservation of cultural goods in Brazil. It is not the point of this work to discuss the theoretical formulations in itself, but to reflect on the necessity of an effective exchange between theory and practice in order that preservation be a concrete fact, both with respect to isolated buildings as well as urban complexes. With this purpose, the actions of the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN) are evaluated through its more than seventy years trajectory, taking some interventions in cultural properties as examples of the application (or not) of theoretical principles in Brazilian preservationist practice-which demands theoretically grounded restorations to preserve the goods as faithful documents serving as effective material support of the collective memory. In Brazil, after a period of critical analysis of interventions performed during the so-called "heroic phase" of SPHAN, new parameters are suggested in the realm of preservation practice, mainly with respect to what is understood as heritage, to the selection criteria to list a building, and to the decentralization of the guardianship of the cultural goods; the memory and its different forms of manifestation and varied supports are also incorporated in the local preservationist discourse. These new discussions involve recurrent references to theoretical texts in restoration-such as the Venice Charter or the Theory of Restoration of Cesare Brandi-, which, however, denote superficial knowledge, when not mistaken, of the principles established in those writings, being a rule in the interventions either empirism or negligence. In face of this, the hypothesis proposed for this Thesis is that of the applicability of the theoretical formulations in restoration to the present Brazilian reality, displaying the severe loss brought to a real preservationist action by the split between theory and practice in the realm of restoration.
RESUMO: O artigo aborda a questão das superfícies arquitetônicas e sua relação com a teoria de restauração. São examinadas com esse intuito, em linhas gerais, as transformações por que passaram as teorias de restauro. Analisam-se também as tendências contemporâneas, com o intuito de averiguar os princípios gerais que deveriam guiar as intervenções. Verificase então o que ocorre na prática de intervenções em superfícies arquitetônicas, notando-se que há uma dissociação entre teoria e prática. Neste texto, procura-se enfatizar a relevância da reflexão teórica para enfrentar os problemas em toda a sua complexidade e como meio eficiente de preservar os aspectos materiais, históricos, formais e simbólicos dos monumentos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Superfícies arquitetônicas. Teoria da restauração. Monumentos históricos.ABSTRACT: The article deals with the question of architectural surfaces and their relation with restoration theories. The historical transformations undergone by restoration theories are examined in broad lines. The contemporary tendencies of restoration theories are also analyzed in order to verify the principles that should guide the interventions. The dissociation between theory and practice arises through the analysis of the practice of interventions in architectural surfaces. In this text, the author seeks to place an emphasis on the relevance of reflection on theoretical principles in order to face problems in their full intricacy, and as an efficient means of preserving the material, historic, formal and symbolic values of monuments.
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