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The anatomical characteristics of the stem of belangke bamboo (Gigantochloa pruriens), which is native in North Sumatra, Indonesia, were examined to attain valuable information for identification and effective utilization. The number and type of vessel bundles and the fiber and metaxylem dimensions in the longitudinal (bottom, middle, and top) and radial (outer, central, and inner) directions of the bamboo culm were investigated by optical microscopy. The vascular bundles were distributed unevenly and arranged alternately, as shown by cross-sectional images of the culms. The proportion of vascular bundles in the culm decreased from the outer layer to the inner layer and tended to increase from the bottom to the top. Most vascular bundles were classified as type IV at the bottom and as type III in the middle and top parts. Fiber length and cell wall thickness tended to increase from the bottom to the top and from the inner layer to the outer layer. Metaxylem length and diameter increased from the outer layer to the inner layer and from the bottom towards the top of the stem. It was revealed that the anatomical characteristics of the belangke bamboo varied significantly in the vertical and radial directions.

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of Co and Co-Mo metal loaded on Sarulla Natural Zeolite which has been activated and calcined (SNZ-Cal) as supports for better understanding of characterization and catalytic activity on hydrocracking of MEFA rubber seed oil. The Co and Co-Mo metal was added through a wet impregnation method using Co(NO3)2·6H2O and (NH4)·6Mo7O24·4H2O precursor salts. The catalyst was oxidized at 500 °C for 2 h within oxygen gas flow, followed by a reduction process with H2 gas flow with similar condition to obtain the catalysts. Based on the result, it was found that the resulted catalysts displayed an increase in crystal grain size compared to the metal-free catalyst. Particularly, catalyst that was impregnated with Co metal has a larger surface area and pore diameter and smaller pore volume than Co-Mo metal impregnated to the catalyst. In fact, it was revealed that this catalyst possessed the highest catalytic activity and selectivity. Furthermore, the resulting gas products reached 64 wt.% and the distribution of biogasoline fraction of hydrocarbons (C6-C12) amounted to 83.19 wt.%.

Nowadays, the increasing of waste produced by humans to the atmosphere and the environment has caused great effect on the environment and human health. Industrial activity is the greatest air polluter [1]. The emission of toxic substances into the environment is vastly spreading, especially from the smoke of the charcoal industry. In the charcoal industry, one of the unsolved problems is smoke pollution resulting from burning charcoal. Smoke is one of the causes of air pollution,