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Background Despite the numerous pharmacological activities of quercetin, its biomedical application has been hampered, because of poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. In the present study, we fabricated a novel form of quercetin-conjugated Fe 3 O 4 –β-cyclodextrin (βCD) nanoparticles (NPs), and the effect of these prepared NPs was evaluated in a chronic model of epilepsy. Methods Quercetin-loaded NPs were prepared using an iron oxide core coated with βCD and pluronic F68 polymer. The chronic model of epilepsy was developed by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) at dose of 36.5 mg/kg every second day. Quercetin or its nanoformulation at doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally 10 days before PTZ injections and their applications continued 1 hour before each PTZ injection. Immunostaining was performed to evaluate the neuronal density and astrocyte activation of hippocampi. Results Our data showed successful fabrication of quercetin onto Fe 3 O 4 –βCD NPs. In comparison to free quercetin, quercetin NPs markedly reduced seizure behavior, neuronal loss, and astrocyte activation in a PTZ-induced kindling model. Conclusion Overall, quercetin–Fe 3 O 4 –βCD NPs might be regarded as an ideal therapeutic approach in epilepsy disorder.

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At the time of his premature death at the age of forty-three, the written output of Ali Shariati was remarkable. He wrote in a variety of styles and forms and read extensively from vastly distinct literary traditions. While in recent years, Anglophone scholarship on his work has situated him rightfully among critical anticolonial thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, his contribution to a worldly reimagining of comparative literature has not received the same attention. This essay offers a framing of his work within the field of comparative literature, with a particular focus on his adaptation of Dante’s Divine Comedy. By studying his mode of engagement with this canonical text, this essay provides an introductory analysis to the comparative literary practice of a towering Iranian intellectual. It can also serve as a model for a comparative literature practicum that privileges the work of a writer from the Global South.

One of the newest treatment options for cancer is the targeted delivery of the toxin substance to the cancer cells. These toxins should contain different moieties for nding and killing cancer cells. One of these toxins in Mistletoe ML1 protein is an inactive ribosomal protein and can be considered as an anticancer agent. Therefore, it seems that by fusion of ML1 protein with another protein called Shiga toxin B (STxB), which can bind to Gb3 (Globotriosyl Ceramide) receptor that is abundantly expressed on the cancer cells, a recombinant protein with selective permeability may be produced in cancer cells. In the current study, we aimed to produce and purify a fusion protein containing ML1 as a toxic moiety fused to STxB, targeting moiety, and assessing its cytotoxic activities.nanoparticles. Finally, cytotoxic effects of the recombinant proteins were evaluated on the SkBr3 cell line. Analysis of puri ed proteins showed a band of approximately 33 and 41 KDa for rML1-STxB and rML1-STxB nanoparticles, respectively, on SDS-PAGE and western blotting membrane. Finally, statistical analysis showed considerable cytotoxic effects of rML1-STxB on SkBr3 cells at 18.09, 22.52 ng/µL, and higher concentrations. In conclusion, production, puri cation, and encapsulation of rML1-STxB fusion protein with potential speci c toxicity toward cancer cells were successfully achieved. However, further investigation of the cytotoxic effects of this fusion protein on other cancerous cell lines and in vivo cancer models must be applied.