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Background Despite the numerous pharmacological activities of quercetin, its biomedical application has been hampered, because of poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. In the present study, we fabricated a novel form of quercetin-conjugated Fe 3 O 4 –β-cyclodextrin (βCD) nanoparticles (NPs), and the effect of these prepared NPs was evaluated in a chronic model of epilepsy. Methods Quercetin-loaded NPs were prepared using an iron oxide core coated with βCD and pluronic F68 polymer. The chronic model of epilepsy was developed by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) at dose of 36.5 mg/kg every second day. Quercetin or its nanoformulation at doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally 10 days before PTZ injections and their applications continued 1 hour before each PTZ injection. Immunostaining was performed to evaluate the neuronal density and astrocyte activation of hippocampi. Results Our data showed successful fabrication of quercetin onto Fe 3 O 4 –βCD NPs. In comparison to free quercetin, quercetin NPs markedly reduced seizure behavior, neuronal loss, and astrocyte activation in a PTZ-induced kindling model. Conclusion Overall, quercetin–Fe 3 O 4 –βCD NPs might be regarded as an ideal therapeutic approach in epilepsy disorder.

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At the time of his premature death at the age of forty-three, the written output of Ali Shariati was remarkable. He wrote in a variety of styles and forms and read extensively from vastly distinct literary traditions. While in recent years, Anglophone scholarship on his work has situated him rightfully among critical anticolonial thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, his contribution to a worldly reimagining of comparative literature has not received the same attention. This essay offers a framing of his work within the field of comparative literature, with a particular focus on his adaptation of Dante’s Divine Comedy. By studying his mode of engagement with this canonical text, this essay provides an introductory analysis to the comparative literary practice of a towering Iranian intellectual. It can also serve as a model for a comparative literature practicum that privileges the work of a writer from the Global South.

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