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BACKGROUND:Patients with CRF often have signs & symptoms suggestive of thyroid dysfunctions. Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with terminal renal failure is 5%, in comparison with that in hospitalized patients with normal renal function . CKD is associated with higher prevalence of hypothyroidism, both overt and subclinical, but not with hyperthyroidism. In fact, the prevalence of primary hypothyroidism is mainly in the subclinical form, which increases as GFR decreases. OBJECTIVES: To estimate thyroid hormone levels i.e. T3, T4 & TSH in CRF. To estimate Serum urea & creatinine for selection and categorizing the study subjects in to different grades of CRF. To study the thyroid hormone levels and thyroid abnormalities as the severity of CRF increases. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this study 30 male patients of aged between 40-70yrs. with serum creatinine >5.5mg/dl & urea >55mg/dl and dipstick test positive for protein with symptoms of chronic renal failure are taken as cases. Age and sex matched normal healthy individuals are taken as controls. Serum Urea Estimated by DAM Method, serum creatinine is estimated by Jaffe's method and Serum levels of T3, T4 & TSH were analysed by using CLIA method. Results: T3, T4 decreases and TSH increases significantly in cases compare to the controls as the severity of dieses increases. In our study 10% of patients of CRF are hypothyroid and all these hypothyroid patients belongs to serum creatinine above 6 mg/dl category. CONCLUSION: Mean of T3, T4 decreases TSH increases significantly in cases compare to controls as the severity of CRF increases. The risk of hypothyroidism in chronic renal failure is very high if serum creatinine level are above 6 mg/dl.

Introduction The root cause of preeclampsia is placental ischemia due to impaired trophoblastic invasion in the uterine spiral arterioles. Ischemic placenta liberates various inflammatory mediators that cause widespread endothelial dysfunction leading to insulin resistance (IR). Increased IR in pregnant females can further lead to high occurrence of maternal and fetal complications. Objectives To compare and evaluate the role of measuring IR among women with preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. Materials and methods A total of 35 women with preeclampsia and 35 women with normal pregnancy were included in the study as cases and controls, respectively. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting plasma insulin (FI) were measured and IR indices, such as FPG to FI ratio (FGIR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and log FI were calculated. Unpaired Student's t-test was used for comparison. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Results The mean FI and log FI were significantly higher while QUICKI and FGIR were significantly lower in cases when compared with controls (p < 0.001). Conclusion As disease advances, IR increases. There is increased risk of maternal and fetal complications in presence of increased IR. Screening of all hypertensive pregnancies for IR and timely intervention may help to improve outcome. How to cite this article Sonagra AD, Deba Z, Makandar A, Biradar SM. Study of Insulin Resistance in Women with Preeclampsia. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(2):127-130.

Introduction: Detecting AKI in a timely fashion with the current AKIN staging criteria is a challenge because the diagnosis of AKI is usually based on changes in serum creatinine (SCr) which is a poor marker of early renal dysfunction. Aim: To study the role of Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalcin (NGAL) as early biomarker for the detection of Contrast induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) in subjects undergoing Percutaneous transluminal coronary angiogram (PTCA) with normal eGFR. Materials and Methods: Prospective cohort study was conducted, where SCr and serum NGAL were serially measured in a heterogeneous group of subjects (n=60) presenting to cardiology department. Results: The study population consisted of 60 subjects. All subjects were divided into 2 groups "CIAKI group" and "no-CIAKI group" according to predefined definition. The serum NGAL increased and reached its peak at 4 hours after contrast media (CM) administration and did not returned to baseline by 24 hours while the SCr increased at 24 hours and reached peak at 48 hours respectively (P<0.001).Thus, 4 hours after CM administration were considered to be appropriate time point for NGAL measurement and there was no significant correlation between serum NGAL with SCr at 0 hours, 4hours, 24 hours and 48hours. Conclusion: In our study, we found that serum NGAL promises to be a simple, safe, non-invasive and reliable early biomarker for predicting possible onset of CIAKI following contrast administration.

There has been some confusion with respect to the nature of offence punishable under Section 324 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (“the IPC”). The question is whether the offence under Section 324 of IPC is a bailable or a non-bailable one, a compoundable or a non-compoundable one. This paper shall analyse the relevant statutory provisions, statutory amendments, Gazette Notifications and jurisprudential developments in order to understand how we can deal with the issue.