In recent scenario, fluorosis is now going to be a severe problem throughout the globe due to toxic effects of fluoride (F) on both plants, animals and humans. Natural geological sources and increased industrialization have contributed greatly to the increasing incidence of F-induced human and animal health issues. The toxic effects of high doses of F may adversely affect human health by causing skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, bone fractures, the formation of kidney stones, decreased birth rates, weakening of thyroid functionality and impair intelligence, particularly in children. High concentrations of F in soil may seriously threaten the life of plants, devastate soil microbial activity, disrupt the soil ecology and causes soil and water pollution. Hydrogen fluorides (HF) in gaseous form accumulated in the leaves of sensitive plants against a concentration gradient and HF mainly damages the plant by entering into its body in the form of gas and affects a variety of plant physiological processes. In this review we discuss about the effect of fluoride toxicity on plant, human and soil health and its mitigation strategies.

We show, both analytically and numerically, that for a nonlinear system making a transition from one equilibrium state to another under the action of an external time dependent force, the work probability distribution is in general asymmetric. PACS numbers:We consider a system in contact with a heat bath, which is driven out of equilibrium by an external time dependent force. This force drives it from an equilibrium state A to another equilibrium state B. It was shown by Jarzynski [1, 2, 3] that the equilibrium free energy difference, ∆F between these states can be related to the probability distribution of the work done W in taking the system from A to B. In particular, e −∆F KT = e −W KT *

Aims: To investigate the effect of combination between foliar zinc and boron on groundnut growth, yield, nutrient uptake and its accumulation in pods. Study Design:  Completely random design (CRD). Place and Duration of Study: Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India during 2016. Methodology: The pot experiment was comprised of three levels of Zn (0, 0.5 and 0.75% Zn), three levels of B (0, 0.3 and 0.45% B) and their combinations. The treatments were replicated thrice. Zn and B were applied through foliar spray twice at vegetative and flower initiation stage. Chlorophyll content, leaf area, root–shoot dry biomass, plant height, nutrient uptake and nutrient concentrations in pods were studied. Results: Foliar spray of Zn and B jointly increased the leaf area to the tune of 55% and 29% at flowering and pod formation stages, respectively. Despite sole application of B and Zn increased the leaf chlorophyll content in groundnut; the combined applications were much more prominent. Moreover, lower level of Zn combined with higher level of B significantly (p<0.05) had higher uptake of N (18.8%), P (11.5%) and K (5.9%) over higher level of sole Zn application. The improved biomass accumulation of groundnut amplified the efficient utilization of primary nutrients and resulted in higher nutrient uptake as well as their concentration in pods. Groundnut when sprayed with elevated doses of Zn and B produced the maximum yield (30.8 g/plant). Conclusion: Spraying of Zn and B increased plant biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll content noticeably and with the increase in concentration of Zn and B in spray, the increment became quite intense. The combined spray of Zn and B at critical growth stages promoted better growth and productivity of groundnut.

Risk assessment of arsenic toxicity through ground water-soil-rice system in Maldah district,

India is primarily known for its agriculture. Agriculture provides livilyhood for over three-quarters of the people directly and indirectly. As a result, any advancement in agriculture is inextricably linked to the happiness and delight of the people of this country. Agriculture in the India continues to face major issues as the population grows. The growth of high-yielding crop increases the use of fertilizers and irrigation, and as a result of intense cropping techniques, weeds, insects, and pests emerge, wreaking havoc on the crop and its produce. Our economy is founded on property farming, particularly rainfed agriculture, in which vegetables play an important role in feeding humans, animals, and the environment. Country’s most important post-independence worry has been feeding its fast expanding population in an increasing rate. As a result, high-yielding varieties are utilized in conjunction with irrigation water, fertilizers, and pesticides. This combination of high-yielding production has aided the country's development of a food surplus but in the same manner that destroys soil health, enhances environmental pollution, pesticide toxicity. As a result, agricultural systems that rely significantly on organic inputs rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides are being rethought by researchers and experts. Organic agriculture would generate high-quality feed while also conserving the soil and, as a result, the environment's health; however, whether large-scale organic farming will be able to feed India's huge population remains to be seen. India produces certified organic solutions as well as all types of food products, such as basmati rice, pulses, honey, tea, spices, coffee, oilseeds, fruits, cereals, flavoring medications, and their by-products. Non-edible fresh produce includes cotton, clothing, cosmetics, practical food products, body care goods, and products. But the scope of increasing the organic farming is huge because in India most of the fertile land is cultivated with inorganic inputs.

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Aims: This investigation is aimed to conduct a delineation study to know the spatial distribution of available cationic micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in red and lateritic soils of Jhargram district of West Bengal and their relationship with soil chemical properties. Study Design: Spatial distribution. Place and Duration of Study: Geo-referenced 253 surface soil (0-15 cm depth) samples were collected from eight blocks (Gopiballavpur- 1, Gopiballavpur- 2, Nayagram, Jhargram, Sankrail, Jambani, Binpur- 2 and Binpur- 1) of Jhargram district of West Bengal, India during 2017- 2018. Methodology: Grid based detailed block wise soil sampling has been carried out in long term crop growing fields of Jhargram district of West Bengal.The collected soil samples were analyzed and their cationic micronutrient status were depicted through nutrient index and fertility maps. Geographical information system (GIS) is an important tool to identify the risk areas. In our study Arc Info GIS has been used to prepare the spatial distribution maps of available cationic micronutrients and soil chemical properties (pH and organic carbon) of different blocks of this district. Results: The pH, organic carbon content, available Zinc, Copper, Iron and Manganese content in soils were in the range of 3.68-7.6, 0.15-2.01 (%), 0.56-5.52, 2.4-11.76, 31.6-208.4 and 6.32-99.74 mg kg-1, respectively, with the mean value of 4.97,0.64 (%),2.21, 5.75, 114.68 and 41.87 mg kg-1 respectively. The lowest zinc content has been recorded from the soils of Gopiballavpur- 2 block. Conclusion: The calculated NIV and spatial distribution maps clearly indicated that there is no deficiency of Iron, Manganese and Copper in this region. Zinc status did not resemble with other cationic micronutrient status which was mostly low to medium with some patches of deficiencies. Soil pH has significant positive relation with Iron. Copper has significant positive relation with soil organic carbon.

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