Background: Betel nut (Areca catechu L) are traditional beverages in Jambi. Betel nut high dose has a cytotoxic effect on testis and other organs—limited data about the effect of betel nut as male antifertility.Purposes: This study aimed to determine the effect of infertility on betel nut use at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) in male rats. Methods: Ten male Sprague Dawney rats that had passed the fertility test, aged 2-3 months and weighing 150-200 grams ware used in this study. The rat was grouped into two groups randomly. Group 1, as the negative control, were received aqua dest, and group 2 was treated by betel nut with dose 50 mg/kg BW for 35 days. When terminated, testis weight weighed using micro scales. Blood collected for measuring testosterone levels. Histopathology assessment of testis used Hematoxylin Eosin Staining and sperm counting from cauda epididymis.Results: The weight of testis in the group received betel nut was lower than the control group. The histopathology of testis showed shrunk, reduced the diameter of seminiferous tubules, and like cytolytic lesions in the germinal layer—the total sperm number and progressive sperms also lower than the control group (p<0.05). There was no abnormality in Leydig cell and interstitium tissue. Male rats after treatment could not impregnate the female rats.Conclusion: Betel nut at dose 50 mg/kg BW have antifertility activity in male rats.
Background: Hypertrophic scars are abnormal scars resulted from a disrupted wound healing process. Hypertrophic scars can affect the body aesthetic of the sufferers, but, on the other hand, conventional therapy has not been optimally effective. The application of essential oil combinations as an alternative therapy for hypertrophic scars has not been scientifically proven.Purposes: This study was to determine the effectiveness of the essential oil as a hypertrophic scar therapy.Methods: This study used a pre and post-test design. As many as 24 subjects aged 17-25 years with hypertrophic scars were given essential oil combinations every morning and evening for six months. Assessment of hypertrophic scars was done using the POSAS (Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale).Results: The results showed that the POSAS score decreased after the essential oil combination administration for six months, 14.40±6.08 vs. 22.67±8.31 (p<0.001).Conclusion: the combination of essential oil oils used in this study reduces hypertrophic scars based on the POSAS assessment.
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