In recent years, local energy markets (LEMs) have been introduced to empower end-customers within energy communities at the distribution level of the power system, in order to be able to trade their energy locally in a competitive and fair environment. However, there is still some challenge with regard to the most efficient approach in organising the LEMs for the electricity exchange between consumers and prosumers while ensuring that they are responsible for their electricity-related choices, and concerning which LEM model is suitable for which prosumer or consumer type. This paper presents a hierarchical model for the organisation of agent-based local energy markets. According to the proposed model, prosumers and consumers are enabled to transact electricity within the local energy community and with the grid in a coordinated manner to ensure technical and economic benefits for the LEM’s agents. The model is implemented in a software tool called Grid Singularity Exchange (GSyE), and it is verified in a real German energy community case study. The simulation results demonstrate that trading electricity within the LEM offers economic and technical benefits compared to transacting with the up-stream grid. This can further lead to the decarbonization of the power system sector. Furthermore, we propose two models for LEMs consisting of multi-layer and single-layer hierarchical agent-based structures. According to our study, the multi-layer hierarchical model is more profitable for household prosumers as compared to trading within the single-layer hierarchical LEM. However, the single-layer LEM is more be beneficial for industrial prosumers.
Duboka ekonomska kriza, koja je zahvatila privrede jugoistočne Evrope (JIE), uključujući Srbiju, ponovo je otvorila raspravu o potrebi za nekom novom vrstom industrijalizacije. Dok mnogi drugi autori pozivaju na državnu intervenciju u izabranim privrednim granama, mi se zalažemo za snažnu podršku razvoju klastera i kreativnih industrija, inovacionih procesa i sveukupne konkurentnosti zemlje, kao najbolji način da se izbegne zamka srednjeg nivoa razvoja. U ovom članku, nadovezujući se na aktuelna naučna istraživanja o značaju inovacija i kreativnih industrija kao motora ekonomskog razvoja, proučavamo i predlažemo mere javnih politika sa ciljem obnove rasta BDPpc i postepenog smanjenja jaza razvoja u region JIE u odnosu na razvijene zemlje. Neophodno je da Srbija, koja se ovde posebno sagledava, dovrši nezavršene reforme iz stadijuma konkurentnosti vođene činiocima proizvodnje, pogotovo kada se radi o institucijama i logističkoj infrastrukturi, a da istovremeno ojača inovacionu infrastrukturu kako bi prešla u stadijum konkurentnosti vođene inovacijama. Povoljna okolnost za Srbiju i JIE leži u poboljšanju ranga mereno Indeksom globalnih inovacija tokom krize, mada analizirani svetski izveštaji iz ove oblasti takođe ukazuju na slabosti koje treba prevazići. Pored podrške politika inovacija i klastera, sveobuhvatnije mere je potrebno sprovesti kako bi se unapredilo poslovno okruženje, obrazovni sistem (posebno višedisciplinarni pristup), kao i pristup finansiranju.
No abstract
SažetakAktuelna akademska rasprava u oblasti inovacija i konkurentnosti posebno se bavi pojmom pametnih povezanih proizvoda (PPP). U ovom preglednom radu nastojimo da uključimo Srbiju u ovu globalnu debatu, objašnjavajući glavne koncepte i argumente, nadovezujući se na prethodna istraživanja i pokazujući kako razvoj sektora IKT u Srbiji predstavlja primer primene ove teorije u praksi. Predstavljamo slučajeve tri preduzeća koja prave PPP, a to su Schneider Electric DMS NS, Strawberry Energy i Bitgear. Iako većina proizvodnje i izvoza IT može da se pripiše podugovaranju i standardnom programiranju, ovi slučajevi ukazuju na potencijal razvoja PPP (odnosno proizvoda koje se nazivaju i Internet stvari). Da bi se više preduzeća usavršilo i uspešno takmčilo u svetu, potrebne su dodatne, primarno strane investicije u ovaj sektor. Ključno ograničenje, pored nedostataka poslovne klime, predstavlja ograničena ponuda kvalitetnih kadrova, što zahteva veća ulaganja države u obrazovanje u kompetencijama koje su potrebne sektoru IKT, sveobuhvatnu reformu infrastrukture za istraživanje i inovacije, i usmeravanje javnih sredstava za inovacije kroz institucije poput Inovacionog fonda, koji prati najbolje međunarodne prakse. Ključne reči: inovacije, konkurentnost, pametni povezani proizvodi, Internet stvari, IKT, Srbija AbstractThe current debate among scholars of innovation and competitiveness centres on the concept of smart connected products (SCP). In this review article, we attempt to engage Serbia in this global debate by explaining the core concepts and arguments, building on previous research, and demonstrating how the developments in Serbia's ICT sector exemplify the new theory. We present the cases of three companies engaged in the production of SCPs, namely Schneider Electric DMS NS, Strawberry Energy, and Bitgear. Whilst the bulk of the IT production and exports volume in Serbia can be ascribed to outsourced, general software programming, these case studies are evidence of future potential of SCP (or Internet of Things) development. For more companies to specialise and successfully compete at the global level, additional, principally foreign investment in the sector is required. The key limitation here, in addition to the deficiencies in the business climate, is the availability of quality human resources, which calls for increased public funding of education in the relevant ICT skills, a more comprehensive reform of research and innovation infrastructure and gearing publicly available funding for innovation principally via institutions like the Innovation Fund, which is functioning based on best international practices.
SažetakU članku se istražuje primena teorije upravljanja zainteresovanim stranama u slučaju Srbije, u kojoj je praksa savremenog društveno-odgovornog poslovanja (DOP) nedavno uvedena, uprkos bogatoj tradiciji zadužbinarstva i dobročinstva. Radi provere teorije, utvrdili smo tri hipoteze, pretpostavljajući da se upravljanje zainteresovanim stranama kao deo DOP prevashodno koristi kao oruđe odnosa s javnošću, da kvalitet korporativnog upravljanja zavisi od funkcije DOP u organizaciji, kao i da u više uređenim industrijama kao što su građevina i bankarstvo postoji naprednije upravljanje zainteresovanim stranama. Hipoteze su ispitivane na osnovu raspoložive literature i sveobuhvatnog empirijskog istraživanja (kabinetsko istraživanje, anketiranje i dubinski intervjui poslovnih rukovodioca, upoređeni sa najboljom evropskom praksom). Ukazano je da finansijski sektor najviše pažnje poklanja klijentima, dok građevina (cementna industrija) u središte poslovanja stavlja zajednicu u kojoj posluje i svoje zaposlene, što odgovara i međunarodnoj praksi. Međutim, služba za odnose s javnošću ili marketinga prevashodno se bave odnosima sa zainteresovanim stranama u Srbiji, iz ugla slike preduzeća u javnosti, bez dovoljnog razumevanja uloge zainteresovanih strana u unapređenju poslovnog učinka preduzeća, što pokazuje niži stepen razvijenosti privrede i rani stepen tranzicije ka najboljim praksama Evropske unije. Ključne reči: zainteresovane strane, društveno-odgovorno poslovanje (DOP), upravljanje, bankarstvo, građevina (proizvodnja betona) AbstractThe article tests the stakeholder management theory in the case of Serbia, a country where modern corporate social responsibility practice was introduced relatively recently, despite rich tradition of philanthropy. To validate the theory, we formulated three hypotheses, assuming that stakeholder management is predominantly used as a PR tool, that stronger corporate governance correlates with developed CSR function within the organisation and that regulated industries such as researched examples of construction and banking demonstrate more advanced stakeholder management. These hypotheses were examined against the available literature review and a comprehensive empirical study (desk research, online survey and in-depth interviews with business managers, compared with best European practice). We have shown that the financial sector places most emphasis on its customers, whilst the construction sector (cement industry) sets the local community and employees in the cornerstone of its business operations, in line with international practice. However, public relations or marketing sector are primarly engaged with stakeholders' relationship in Serbia from a company's image perspective, lacking understanding the stakeholder role in business performance improvement, which indicates a lower level of development and early stage in transition to best European union practices.
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