In recent years, local energy markets (LEMs) have been introduced to empower end-customers within energy communities at the distribution level of the power system, in order to be able to trade their energy locally in a competitive and fair environment. However, there is still some challenge with regard to the most efficient approach in organising the LEMs for the electricity exchange between consumers and prosumers while ensuring that they are responsible for their electricity-related choices, and concerning which LEM model is suitable for which prosumer or consumer type. This paper presents a hierarchical model for the organisation of agent-based local energy markets. According to the proposed model, prosumers and consumers are enabled to transact electricity within the local energy community and with the grid in a coordinated manner to ensure technical and economic benefits for the LEM’s agents. The model is implemented in a software tool called Grid Singularity Exchange (GSyE), and it is verified in a real German energy community case study. The simulation results demonstrate that trading electricity within the LEM offers economic and technical benefits compared to transacting with the up-stream grid. This can further lead to the decarbonization of the power system sector. Furthermore, we propose two models for LEMs consisting of multi-layer and single-layer hierarchical agent-based structures. According to our study, the multi-layer hierarchical model is more profitable for household prosumers as compared to trading within the single-layer hierarchical LEM. However, the single-layer LEM is more be beneficial for industrial prosumers.

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Local energy markets (LEMs) are utilized in a bottom-up power systems approach for reducing the complexity of the traditional, centralized power system and to enable better integration of decentralized renewable energy resources (RES). Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading creates opportunities for prosumers to trade their RES with other prosumers in the LEM. Although several scenarios were proposed in the literature for modelling P2P energy trading, there is still a gap in the literature considering the heterogeneous characteristics of prosumers' bidding preferences during P2P matching in the LEM. In this paper, we present heterogeneous characteristics of bidding preferences for prosumers considering energy quantity, bid/offer price, geographic location, location of agents on the local community and cluster welfare. Moreover, this paper proposes an advanced clustering model for P2P matching in the energy community considering the heterogeneous characteristics of bidding preferences for prosumers. For evaluating our proposed model performance, two German real case scenarios of a small and large communities were studied. The simulations results show that using price preference, as the criterion for clustering, offers more technical and economic benefits to energy communities compared to other clustering scenarios. On the other hand, clustering scenarios based on location of prosumers ensure that energy is traded among prosumers who are closer to each other.INDEX TERMS Energy community, advanced clustering, local energy market, matching mechanism, Peerto-peer trading.

Local energy markets (LEMs) are proposed in recent years as a way to enable local prosumers and community to trade their electricity and have control over their electrical related resources by ensuring that electricity is traded closer to where it is produced. However, literature is still scarce with the most optimal and effective trading strategies for LEM design. In this work, we propose two reinforcement learning based intelligent bidding strategies for prosumers and consumers trading within an LEM. Our proposed models were evaluated of their performance by testing them in a German real case scenario. The simulation results show that intelligent bidding strategies create additional self sufficiency and market savings to the local community compared to the baseline strategy where the agents make their trading decision randomly without an intelligent agent. Moreover, modelling the intelligent agents to perform towards a common goal creates more share of individual savings for the prosumers and consumers compared to the classical intelligent bidding strategies employed in this work.INDEX TERMS Bidding strategy, energy community, local energy markets, Markov decision process, peerto-peer, reinforcement learning.