Aim To examine changes in levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokines, after periodontal therapy of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). Materials and Methods Twenty five periodontally healthy and 24 GAgP subjects had periodontal clinical parameters measured and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples collected from up to 14 sites/subject. GCF samples were analyzed using multiplex bead immunoassay for: GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α. Aggressive periodontitis subjects were randomly assigned to either scaling and root planing (SRP) alone or SRP plus systemic amoxicillin (500 mg) and metronidazole (400 mg) 3 times a day for 14 days. Clinical parameters and GCF cytokines were re-measured 6 months after treatment. Differences over time were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and between groups using the Mann-Whitney test. Results Significant reductions in GCF GM-CSF, IL-1β and the ratio IL-1β/IL-10 and increases in GCF IL-6 were detected after therapy. The mean change in GCF cytokines did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions Periodontal therapy improved GCF cytokine profiles by lowering IL-1β and increasing IL-10 levels. The reduction in GCF GM-CSF after therapy implicates this cytokine in the pathogenesis of GAgP. There was no difference between therapies in changes of GCF cytokines.

Research investigating biomarkers for early detection, prognosis and the prediction of treatment responses in breast cancer is rapidly expanding. However, no validated biomarker currently exists for use in routine clinical practice, and breast cancer detection and management remains dependent on invasive procedures. Histological examination remains the standard for diagnosis, whereas immunohistochemical and genetic tests are utilized for treatment decisions and prognosis determinations. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review of literature published in PubMed on breast cancer biomarkers between 2009 and 2013. The keywords that were used together were breast cancer, biomarkers, diagnosis, prognosis and drug response. The cited references of the manuscripts included in this review were also screened. We have comprehensively summarized the performance of several biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and predicted drug responses of breast cancer. Finally, we have identified 15 biomarkers that have demonstrated promise in initial studies and several miRNAs. At this point, such biomarkers must be rigorously validated in the clinical setting to be translated into clinically useful tests for the diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of drug responses of breast cancer.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a recently described member of the IL-1 family. IL-33 acts as an alarmin, chemoattractant, and nuclear factor. ST2, a member of the Toll-like receptor/IL-1R superfamily, the receptor of IL-33, triggers a plethora of downstream effectors and leads the activation of NFK-B, leading the expression of several genes. IL-33 and ST2 are expressed in the majority of cell types, and the IL-33/ST2 axis has a role in immune response, bone homeostasis, and osteoclastogenesis. Several studies show opposite roles of IL-33 in osteoclastogenesis and the implication in bone biology. Few works studied the role of IL-33 in periodontal disease, but we hypothesize a possible role of IL-33 in periodontal disease and bone loss.

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Infections may play a significant role in the induction of births and prematurity. Periodontal disease could be a risk factor for pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, and low birth weight. Possible mechanisms of this relationship are the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines like C-reactive protein (CRP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinases, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-a); the translocation of periodontal pathogens to the feto-placental unit through blood stream, a periodontal reservoir of lipopolysaccharides (LPS); and shared risk factors. Although this knowledge is just emerging, it has important implications for the health services and the healthcare delivery model. Committed health teams to an interprofessional collaborative work within the health services can raise the quality of antenatal care. Population strategies directed to prevent and control periodontal disease can increase the periodontal health of the majority of people and affect positively risk groups. These inexpensive basic measures joined with other actions at different levels could enhance the quality of antenatal care and contribute for favorable pregnancy outcomes. Further researches need to clarify the evidences on those relationships.