Far Beyond the Usual Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: A Review

Abstract

Research investigating biomarkers for early detection, prognosis and the prediction of treatment responses in breast cancer is rapidly expanding. However, no validated biomarker currently exists for use in routine clinical practice, and breast cancer detection and management remains dependent on invasive procedures. Histological examination remains the standard for diagnosis, whereas immunohistochemical and genetic tests are utilized for treatment decisions and prognosis determinations. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review of literature published in PubMed on breast cancer biomarkers between 2009 and 2013. The keywords that were used together were breast cancer, biomarkers, diagnosis, prognosis and drug response. The cited references of the manuscripts included in this review were also screened. We have comprehensively summarized the performance of several biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and predicted drug responses of breast cancer. Finally, we have identified 15 biomarkers that have demonstrated promise in initial studies and several miRNAs. At this point, such biomarkers must be rigorously validated in the clinical setting to be translated into clinically useful tests for the diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of drug responses of breast cancer.

Expression of CDK8 and CDK8-interacting Genes as Potential Biomarkers in Breast Cancer

“…In particular, expression of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor is used as an indication for hormone therapy, whereas HER2/Neu overexpression indicates the use of HER2-targeted agents. Research on new biomarkers for early detection and prediction of post-surgical recurrence and treatment response in breast cancer is rapidly expanding [2]. This research has received a great boost from the accumulation of transcriptomic data in breast cancer and the powerful bioinformatics methods for its processing, which, after validation, resulted in the development of RNA-based multigene tests to predict breast cancer recurrence.…”

“…This research has received a great boost from the accumulation of transcriptomic data in breast cancer and the powerful bioinformatics methods for its processing, which, after validation, resulted in the development of RNA-based multigene tests to predict breast cancer recurrence. These tests, such as Oncotype DX and MammaPrint were found to have a positive impact on the selection of adjuvant therapy [2]. Several potential biomarkers are being actively investigated for the prediction of systemic therapy response, such as polymorphic variants or mutations in CYP2D6 or PIK3CA and the expression of RARA, STAT3, Lin28 and several microRNAs but none of these biomarkers have yet been verified for diagnostic use [2].…”

“…These tests, such as Oncotype DX and MammaPrint were found to have a positive impact on the selection of adjuvant therapy [2]. Several potential biomarkers are being actively investigated for the prediction of systemic therapy response, such as polymorphic variants or mutations in CYP2D6 or PIK3CA and the expression of RARA, STAT3, Lin28 and several microRNAs but none of these biomarkers have yet been verified for diagnostic use [2]. There is continuous need to identify additional biomarkers that can be added to multigene tests in order to guide therapeutic choices more precisely.…”

News in the studies of multidrug resistance of breast cancer cells

“…Маркеры принадлежат к раз-ным компартментам и к разным путям сигнальной трансдукции клетки и в целом достаточно распростра-нены в опухолях молочной железы [82].…”

Mitochondrial Reprogramming Regulates Breast Cancer Progression

“…Being highly heterogeneous and metastatic, breast cancer poses significant challenges to clinical management (1,3). Early breast cancer detection has a better chance of cure or prolonged disease-free survival compared with the metastatic disease (4). Although at least one progression model of normal tissue to invasive cancer has been proposed using cell morphology (5), the molecular drivers behind the initiation and stage-wise progression of breast cancer are not well characterized.…”