Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide. Due to the close relationship between animals and humans, confirmed transmission from humans to numerous animal species has been reported. Understanding the cross‐species transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the infection and transmission dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 in different animals is crucial to control COVID‐19 and protect animal health. In this review, the possible animal origins of SARS‐CoV‐2 and animal species naturally susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are discussed. Furthermore, this review categorizes the SARS‐CoV‐2 susceptible animals by families, so as to better understand the relationship between SARS‐CoV‐2 and animals.
BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide.Literature reviewSARS-CoV-2 invades not only the respiratory system, but also the digestive system, causing a variety of gastrointestinal diseases.SignificanceUnderstanding the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the damage mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 to the gastrointestinal tracts and gastrointestinal glands are crucial to treating the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2.ConclusionThis review summarizes the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, including gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, gastrointestinal ulcer diseases, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastrointestinal thrombotic diseases, etc. Furthermore, the mechanisms of gastrointestinal injury induced by SARS-COV-2 were analyzed and summarized, and the suggestions for drug prevention and treatment were put forward for the reference of clinical workers.
The effects of the Coreopsis tinctoria extracts on anti-aging were observed by investigating the cerebral index and viscera indexes, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serums, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the brain tissues and the ones of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver tissues of the aging model mice. The aging model mice were injected subcutaneously with D-galactose in vivo and intragastric administrated with the Coreopsis tinctoria extracts at doses of low (0.5g/kg), medium (1g/ kg) and high (2g/ kg) once daily for 6 weeks. The results showed that all the cerebral index, spleen index, thymus index, liver index and kidney index of the three groups dosed of the Coreopsis tinctoria extracts increased, the activities of GSH-Px in the brain tissues and the ones of CAT and SOD in the liver tissues increased to different degree while the contents of H2O2 and MDA in the serums decreased extremely and significantly (P<0.01) compared with the aging model mice. All of these results suggested that the Coreopsis tinctoria extracts might possess anti-aging effects by improving antioxidant capacity of the mice.
So far, numerous studies have reported on how coronaviruses affect the human nervous system. However, these studies mainly focused on the impact of a single coronavirus on the nervous system, and failed to fully report the invasion mechanisms and the rules of symptoms of the seven human coronaviruses. This research can assist medical professionals in identifying the regularity of coronavirus invasion into the nervous system by examining the impacts of human coronaviruses on the nervous system. Meanwhile, the discovery also helps humans to prevent the damage to the human nervous system caused by the more novel coronavirus in advance, thus reducing the rate of disease transmission and fatality caused by such viruses. In addition to describing the structures, routes of infection, and symptomatic manifestations of human coronaviruses, this review also finds that the structures of human coronaviruses correlate with virulence, pathways of infection, and blocking mechanisms of drugs. This review can provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of related drugs, promote the prevention and treatment of coronavirus infectious diseases, and contribute to global epidemic prevention.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Suaeda rigida polysaccharides (SRPs) on the physiological characteristics of the frog heart and gastrocnemius muscle, compare their similarities and differences, and analyze the mechanisms. CaCl2 and acetylcholine (Ach) were selected respectively to be co-incubated with the high concentration SRPs to observe the effects on the heart contraction of frog. The effects of different concentrations of the SRPs on the activities of acetylcholinesterase (A-CHE), Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in the isolated frog heart were detected by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The gastrocnemius muscle was immersed in the high concentration of SRPs for 10 min, and the systolic indexes were recorded. The effects of SRPs on the Ach content and A-CHE activity at the sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius junction were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the SRPs had significant inhibitory effects on the contractile amplitude of isolated heart and the contractile amplitude induced by CaCl2 and Ach, respectively (P<0.01). The activity of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase was significantly promoted, and the activity of A-CHE was significantly inhibited (P<0.01). The contraction amplitude, contraction rate, relaxation rate of gastrocnemius muscle and the Ach content at the junction of sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the activity of A-CHE at the junction was significantly inhibited (P<0.01) by the SRPs. All the results suggested that the SRPs could inhibit the contraction of heart and promote the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. The mechanism was related to blocking the fast INa channel, inhibiting the ICa-L and activating the M receptors of myocardial membrane and then inhibiting external Ca2+ influx, increasing Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity, decreasing a-che activity.
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