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Three hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided into five groups; the control fish (CNT) were fed a basal diet, beta glucan (βG) group was fed 0.5 g/kg−1 βG, atrazine (ATZ) group was exposed to 1/5 96‐hr LC50 (1.39 mg/L) ATZ, the (βG/ATZ) group was fed βG while being exposed to ATZ, and the (βG then ATZ) group was supplemented with βG for fifteen days before exposed to ATZ. ATZ exposure caused a decline in growth that was ameliorated by βG. ATZ reduced the levels of total and different types of leucocytes. Additionally, ATZ exposure caused reductions in total proteins, globulins, α 1‐globulin, α 2‐globulin, ɤ‐globulin, immunoglobulin M, lysozymes, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide and catalase but increases in hepatic transaminases and malondialdehyde without any variations in albumin and β‐globulin. Exposure to ATZ also resulted in a rise in the mRNA level of IL‐8. In contrast, expression of IgM, SOD and CAT were decreased in the tilapias exposed to ATZ. Exposure to ATZ increases the susceptibility response to Aeromonas sobria challenge, as indicated by an increase in cumulative mortality post‐challenge. Supplementation with βG fifteen days before (βG then ATZ group), counteracted the adverse effects of ATZ on the immune, biochemical and antioxidants values, though only slight alleviation was observed with simultaneous treatment (βG/ATZ group). Our results established that ATZ has adverse impacts on immune responses, antioxidant equilibrium and its related genes. While, supplementation with βG before exposure to ATZ may be valuable for counteracting the possible damage caused by ATZ water pollution than its simultaneous treatment with ATZ.

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Aim:Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV) of the family Poxviridae characterized by skin nodules covering all parts of the body. There are many aspects of LSD remaining unknown, thus immunological, hematological, and biochemical parameters were estimated.Materials and Methods:During an outbreak of LSD in Sharkia governorate from Egypt, 211 cows aging (2-4 years) were examined clinically for the presence of LSD lesions during the period from July to November 2014. A total of 134 cows from those showed lesions suspected to be LSD.Results:Recorded clinical signs were pyrexia with the development of skin nodules of varying sizes which ranged from a few to several hundred sometimes coalesced together. Enlargements of the peripheral lymph nodes. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were noticed in the histopathological examination. Immunological studies revealed a significant decrease of lymphocyte transformation rate, phagocytic % and killing % which was marked within 2 weeks postinfection. LSD resulted in non-significant in hemogram in 1st-2nd day post-infection while a macrocytic hypochromic anemia within 10-14th days post-infection. Leucopenia and lymphopenia were recorded 1st-2nd day post-infection while at 10-14th showed granulocytic leucocytosis. Biochemical analysis revealed hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia especially gamma globulins. There were a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, creatinine level, blood urea nitrogen and creatine phosphokinaseConclusion:LSDV infected cows in early stages revealed leucopenia. Immunosuppressive effect was pronounced later. In late stage revealed hemolytic anemia, leucocytosis and increase of serum CK, which could aid in diagnosis. Disturbance in liver and kidney function tests have been occurred.

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Spontaneous mutations are a common characteristic of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), leading to wide antigenic variations resulting in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contributes to occasional vaccination failures. The objectives of the present study were to genetically characterize FMDV isolated from water buffaloes and study the biochemical and histopathological indicators of infected animals. Fifty-four water buffaloes of both sexes and different ages suffered from acute symptoms of FMD were clinically examined and randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Oral desquamated epithelial and oropharyngeal fluid samples have been tested for FMDV by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Tissue and serum samples were also collected from the diseased buffaloes and subjected to histopathological and biochemical analysis. Our findings showed that all examined samples were confirmed to be positive to FMDV serotype SAT-2 and were adjusted to be responsible for the recent disease outbreak in this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating viruses were of the SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with 98.9% identity. The new lineage of SAT-2 showed a high virulence resulting in the deaths of water buffaloes due to heart failure, confirmed by high serum levels of inflammatory and cardiac markers, including haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, cardiac troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-MB, indicating an unfavorable FMD-infection prognosis. In conclusion, we document the presence of new incursions circulating in water buffalo populations in Egypt in early 2019, explaining the high morbidity rate of FMD outbreak in early 2019. Furthermore, the newly identified serotype SAT-2 lib12 lineage, topotype VII, showed an aggressive pattern in water buffaloes of the smallholder production system.

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