Ternate Island is a volcanic island formed by the product of Gamalama volcano since thousands of years ago until the present time. It covers 111.4 km 2 and inhabited by more than 200,000 people. Its small size and dense population make it vulnerable to eruption hazards. This study aims to analyze the Gamalama volcano eruption hazard and the challenges of crisis management due to eruption on the small volcanic island of Ternate. This research also offers potential solutions for reducing the risk of catastrophic eruptions on small volcanic islands. Data on eruption events, including the type of eruption and the impact are collected and analyzed to see various potential eruption hazards. Besides, the analysis was also carried out to find potential solutions for volcanic risk management on small volcanic islands. The results show that the Ternate Island has the potential volcanic hazard, (primary), i.e., ejecting and incandescent of volcanic material (volcanic ash, sand, gravel, and bomb), lava flow, and pyroclastic flow. The other hazard (secondary) can be in the form of lahar and volcanic-tsunamis. A small island with dense population and all kinds of limitations will be more susceptible to eruption. The potential strategy that must be developed for volcanic risk management on a small island is the sister island concept. This concept is a networking system between communities on disaster-prone islands and communities on other islands that are safe to prepare evacuation procedures to avoid chaos in a volcanic crisis.

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Among the 17,504 islands in Indonesia, there are a number of volcanic islands with active volcanoes amid human inhabitation. These conditions can be dangerous when the volcano erupts. This paper provides a review of eruptions on Indonesia’s volcanic islands, especially in potential hazard, fatalities, and management. There were 22 Indonesia’s volcanic islands with records of volcanic eruptions during the Holocene era. Seventy three percent of them are classified as active and have a high potential to endanger the surrounding population who generally live on small islands. More than 150,000 people have been evacuated in 25 volcanic unrest of 9 volcanic island during 1966 to 2017. The largest human fatalities from eruption on volcanic island was caused by volcanic tsunami. Since 416 to 2018 there were 19 volcanic tsunami events on Indonesia’s volcanic islands, resulting in 41,328 death tolls. With this review, we hope that our knowledge of volcanic eruption on Indonesia’s volcanic island can be improved and the community living around the volcanoes can be more prepared to face a volcanic crisis that can occur at any time.

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Democracy is a political system that has been adopted by practically every country in the world over the course of history. Freedom and equal rights are not just important political ideals in liberal countries, but they are also important in communist countries, which are known as people's democracies.. While our country adheres to the political system of Pancasila democracy, Indonesia follows the political system of Pancasila democracy, i.e., the original democracy of the Indonesian nation with the values contained in it derived from the Indonesian people's philosophy of life, and whose implementation is written in the preamble and body of the 1945 Constitution.

SETTING: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at an increased risk of TB worldwide. Individual knowledge and attitudes may influence HCW behaviour, and subsequently, TB risk. Indonesia has the second highest case-load globally.OBJECTIVE: To measure TB knowledge and attitudes among a subsection of HCWs in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and to explore factors associated with knowledge.DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using an online survey targeting all HCW staff was conducted among HCWs from four pre-selected healthcare facilities in Yogyakarta. Descriptive analysis and a multivariable linear regression were undertaken.RESULTS: Of 792 HCWs, 290 (37%) completed the survey; 64% (n = 185) were medical staff, 33% (n = 95) reported previously being tested for active TB and 8% (n = 24) for latent TB. The mean knowledge score was 7.2/11 (SD 1.5): this was higher among medical staff and those with university education (average score increase: 0.53, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.90; and 0.38, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.74, respectively). Participants agreed that free access to TB screening (93%) and treatment (93%) should be available, and 57% of medical and 77% of non-medical staff would take preventive therapy if eligible.CONCLUSION: Participants had practical understanding of TB; however, gaps were identified in knowledge about TB disease progression and prevention. Prevention programmes were viewed positively. We suggest further TB education and engagement programmes for HCWs.

Indonesia  merupakan  salah  satu  negara  yang  dilalui  oleh  Cincin  Api  Pasifik.  Lebih dari  400  gunungapi  berada  pada  jalur  tersebut  dan  130  diantaranya  masih  aktif  hingga sekarang. Erupsi gunungapi menghasikan material dari ukuran kecil (abu, pasir, kerikil) hingga ukuran besar (bongkah). Material –material yang keluar dari vent,sebagian akan diendapkan di  dekat ventdan  perlahan  akan membentuk  kerucut  gunungapi.  Penelitian  ini  bertujuan untuk memetakan pulau vulkanik kecil di Indonesia yang memiliki gunungapi aktif sejak era Holosen. Selain itu juga untuk menganalisis jumlah pendudukyang berada di pulau vulkanik dan sekitarnya untuk melihat jumlah orang yang potensial terdampak erupsi. Identifikasi pulau vulkanik dilakukan  dengan interpretasi visualcitra satelit yang diverifikasi dengan database gunungapipada pulau vulkanik yang dipetakan. Hasil identifikasimenunjukkan ada 22 pulau vulkanik  dengan  catatan  erupsi  sejak  era  Holosen. Sebanyak  16  pulau  teridentifikasi  masih terdapat  gunungapi  aktif  dan  sebanyak  6  pulau  teridentifikasi  terdapat  gunungapi  dalam masa istirahat. Potensi penduduk terpapar bahaya erupsi pada radius 5kilometer dari pusat eruspi sebanyak 180.434 orang, radius 10 kilometer dari pusat erupsi sebanyak 373.286 orang, dan  radius  30  kilometer  dari  pusat  erupsi  sebanyak  1.471.995  orang. Ada  kebutuhan  yang nyata untuk melakukan kajian tentang bahaya erupsi di pulau vulkanik di Indonesia, dimana penduduk dan kegiatan ekonominya terus mengalami perkembangan, sehingga berpotensi tinggi terpapar bahayaerupsi. Untuk menyusun strategi pengurangan risiko bencana di pulau vulkanik diperlukan pemahaman tentang wilayah bahaya dan kejadian –kejadian erupsi sertadampaknya pada pulau vulkanik Indonesia dimasa lalu.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made many people aware of the real condition of the national health system. The efforts to handle the pandemic occurred simultaneously throughout the territory of Indonesia that had never been thought of before. The Ministry of Health through the Health offices is working hard to tackle the Covid 19 outbreak. Public Health Centers are the technical implementing units in each region that have duties in carrying out promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative efforts. Problems arise when the service standards of the public health center are not the same in all regions of Indonesia. On the other hand, the reachability of health facilities is still a problem in some places. In this study, we are interested in mapping the pattern and reachability of level one health facilities in Nguter Sub-District, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia using a geographic information system (GIS). This study would be spatially analysed by using nearest neighbour method in ArcGIS. The evaluation of reachability was done by using a minimum service standard by the Decree of the Minister of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure No. 534/KPTS/M/2001. The results showed that the mapped health facilities in Nguter Sub-District were 2 Public Health Centers and 3 Sub-Public Health Centers. Based on the analysis of the nearest neighbors, the public health center in the Nguter Sub-District show a dispersed pattern. From the results of buffering, it is known that almost the entire area of Nguter Sub-District has covered by the Public Health Centers and Sub-Public health centers.