Significance Based on ice core archives of sulfate and tephra deposition, one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the historic period and of the past 7,000 y occurred in A.D. 1257. However the source of this “mystery eruption” remained unknown. Drawing on a robust body of new evidence from radiocarbon dates, tephra geochemistry, stratigraphic data, a medieval chronicle, this study argues that the source of this eruption is Samalas volcano, part of the Mount Rinjani Volcanic Complex on Lombok Island, Indonesia. These results solve a conundrum that has puzzled glaciologists, volcanologists, and climatologists for more than three decades. In addition, the identification of this volcano gives rise to the existence of a forgotten Pompeii in the Far East.

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The Menoreh Mountains in Yogyakarta are severely affected by landslides. Due to the high population densities, mass movements are generally damaging and fatal. More than other Javanese mountains, the Menoreh Mountains cumulate several factors causing landslides. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the ways to map landslide risk in order to improve the risk mitigation. The objectives of this paper are to provide landslide hazard and risk assessment that will be useful for risk prevention and landuse planning in the Menoreh Mountains. So far, risk management has been developed by the Research Centre for Disasters Gadjah Mada University in collaboration with the Regional Development Planner (BAPPEDA), which carries out fundamental and applied researches. The results of the studies have been integrated in the risk prevention and landuse planning in order to improve the integrated landslide mitigation programme.