Eruption on Indonesia’s volcanic islands: a review of potential hazards, fatalities, and management

Abstract

Among the 17,504 islands in Indonesia, there are a number of volcanic islands with active volcanoes amid human inhabitation. These conditions can be dangerous when the volcano erupts. This paper provides a review of eruptions on Indonesia’s volcanic islands, especially in potential hazard, fatalities, and management. There were 22 Indonesia’s volcanic islands with records of volcanic eruptions during the Holocene era. Seventy three percent of them are classified as active and have a high potential to endanger the surrounding population who generally live on small islands. More than 150,000 people have been evacuated in 25 volcanic unrest of 9 volcanic island during 1966 to 2017. The largest human fatalities from eruption on volcanic island was caused by volcanic tsunami. Since 416 to 2018 there were 19 volcanic tsunami events on Indonesia’s volcanic islands, resulting in 41,328 death tolls. With this review, we hope that our knowledge of volcanic eruption on Indonesia’s volcanic island can be improved and the community living around the volcanoes can be more prepared to face a volcanic crisis that can occur at any time.

Detailed Mapping of Lava and Ash Deposits at Indonesian Volcanoes by Means of VHR PlanetScope Change Detection

“…Only on 14 November 2018 (Figure A4o) thermal anomalies occur outside the detected lava area. Due to the proximity to the crater and the circular distribution of the anomalies, ejected incandescent tephra (e.g., blocks, bombs) can be assumed here [2,12]. Additionally, visible is the increase in thermal activity in September 2018 [10,41].…”

“…The volcanic cone (1797 m a. s. l.) is characterized by andesitic to basaltic-andesitic rocks and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, with more than 40 eruptions since 1675. For the most part, the explosive eruptive behavior of Karangetang results in pyroclastic flows, lahars, as well as lava flows, and thus poses an immediate risk to the population [12,30].…”

“…Secondary volcanic hazards, particularly volcano-induced tsunamis, also possess large destructive forces [9,10]. Due to the catastrophic impacts of volcanic hazards, monitoring these processes is an essential component for risk assessment and planning in disaster management [11][12][13]. For that, satellite-based data are increasingly being integrated into the monitoring process of volcanoes, as they allow large-scale views of areas that are difficult to reach and hazardous due to active eruptions.…”

Assessment of the Relationship Between Repose Period and Eruption Magnitude of Gamalama Volcano for Community Preparedness in Ternate Island – Indonesia

“…An example is an eruption that occurred after a 50-year repose period from 1687-1737, which produced a westward lava flow until it reached the sea [14]. Another example is the eruption after an 18-year repose period from 1962-1980, which had a massive explosion that formed a new crater, and its ash with a thickness of 10-15 cm entirely covered Ternate Island [30]. The social impact of the eruption in 1980 was the evacuation of around 40,000 people from Ternate Island to other surrounding islands such as Tidore Island, Hiri Island, and Halmahera Island [14,30].…”

Volcano Tourism in Volcanic Risk Areas: Exploration of the Higher Experience in Mount Semeru – Indonesia

“…Because of the collision of three major tectonic plates, Indonesia is home to 127 active volcanoes. These plates include the Indo-Australian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Eurasian Plate (Hidayat et al, 2020). Volcanoes have the potential to improve the visual appeal of a tourist location thanks to the iconic qualities they embody (Dehn and McNutt, 2015).…”