Ternate Island is a volcanic island formed by the product of Gamalama volcano since thousands of years ago until the present time. It covers 111.4 km 2 and inhabited by more than 200,000 people. Its small size and dense population make it vulnerable to eruption hazards. This study aims to analyze the Gamalama volcano eruption hazard and the challenges of crisis management due to eruption on the small volcanic island of Ternate. This research also offers potential solutions for reducing the risk of catastrophic eruptions on small volcanic islands. Data on eruption events, including the type of eruption and the impact are collected and analyzed to see various potential eruption hazards. Besides, the analysis was also carried out to find potential solutions for volcanic risk management on small volcanic islands. The results show that the Ternate Island has the potential volcanic hazard, (primary), i.e., ejecting and incandescent of volcanic material (volcanic ash, sand, gravel, and bomb), lava flow, and pyroclastic flow. The other hazard (secondary) can be in the form of lahar and volcanic-tsunamis. A small island with dense population and all kinds of limitations will be more susceptible to eruption. The potential strategy that must be developed for volcanic risk management on a small island is the sister island concept. This concept is a networking system between communities on disaster-prone islands and communities on other islands that are safe to prepare evacuation procedures to avoid chaos in a volcanic crisis.
Among the 17,504 islands in Indonesia, there are a number of volcanic islands with active volcanoes amid human inhabitation. These conditions can be dangerous when the volcano erupts. This paper provides a review of eruptions on Indonesia’s volcanic islands, especially in potential hazard, fatalities, and management. There were 22 Indonesia’s volcanic islands with records of volcanic eruptions during the Holocene era. Seventy three percent of them are classified as active and have a high potential to endanger the surrounding population who generally live on small islands. More than 150,000 people have been evacuated in 25 volcanic unrest of 9 volcanic island during 1966 to 2017. The largest human fatalities from eruption on volcanic island was caused by volcanic tsunami. Since 416 to 2018 there were 19 volcanic tsunami events on Indonesia’s volcanic islands, resulting in 41,328 death tolls. With this review, we hope that our knowledge of volcanic eruption on Indonesia’s volcanic island can be improved and the community living around the volcanoes can be more prepared to face a volcanic crisis that can occur at any time.
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