Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of blood culture isolates from human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in Nigeria

Abstract

Bloodstream infections remain public health problem and have resulted to morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. This study was therefore aimed at determining the prevalence of bacteremia in HIV infected patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) attending Federal Medical Centre, IdoEkiti, Ekiti State. A total of 105 blood samples were cultured using brain heart infusion and subcultured on bismuth sulphite agar, MacConkey agar and chocolate agar. Isolates were identified using cultural and biochemical characterization. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using disc diffusion method. The prevalence of bloodstream infection in HIV infected patients on HAART was found to be 22.9% and they were having the CD4 + T-cell counts of <300 cells/µl. There were five males and 19 females that had bloodstream bacterial infection. A total number of 24 isolates were recovered with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent bacterial isolates 12(50.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus, 8 (33.3%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4 (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed a high level of resistance with highest resistance seen in Cotrimoxazole (87.5%), followed by ciprofloaxcin (83.3%), ampicillin (79.2%), levofloxacin (62.5%) while ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and gentamycin (54.2% each) showed the least resistance. The overall percentage of antibiotics resistance of the 7 selected antibiotics tested against isolated bacterial had 71.4, 67.9 and 66.1% resistance for S. pneumonia, Escherichia coli and S. aureus, respectively. However, the prevalence of bloodstream infection among HIV patients on HAART in Ekiti was relatively high and resistance to cephalosporins drugs was lower as compared to fluoroquinolones. Therefore, cephalosporin group of antibiotics is recommended for the treatment of bacteria bloodstream infection in HIV/AIDS patients.

Distribution of Pathogenic Bacteria and their Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in the Blood of Patients with HIV/AIDS at a Tertiary Hospital in Hangzhou: An Eight-Year Retrospective Study

“…10 Herein, 20.9% of patients with AIDS/HIV attending our hospital had BSI, which is higher than that reported in Portugal (6.8%) 11 and other parts of China (9.38%) 12 . However, our result is similar to that reported in Nigeria 13 , which might be related to the level of medical provision in different regions.…”

Profile of Bacteraemia and Fungemia in HIV/AIDS Patients with Sepsis

“…This is similar to other studies that show men are more commonly affected by bloodstream infections than women (Bryce, 2014;Afessa, 2001;Haddy, 2012;Kiertiburanakul, 2012;Declercq, 2015;Buchacz, 2016). However, it is different from the studies performed by Oluyege in Nigeria, where the prevalence of female HIV / AIDS patients was higher than in men (Oluyege, 2015).…”

“…In contrast to HIV patients, NTS bacteria are bound by antibodies that result in the persistence of NTS in the blood. Antibodies are not attached to NTS outer proteins, but on NTS lipopolysaccharides, so MACs and bacteria do not die (Huson, 2014;Palardini, 2013).…”

Antibiogram and plasmid profiling of resistance bacteria isolated from the blood of Hepatitis C Virus positive individuals

“…It can be deduced from the result that Amoxicillin and Augmentin were the least effective antibiotics, amoxicillin showing a marked resistance to all the isolates. However, Oluyege et al, 31 also reported high level resistance of Cotrimoxazone and Ceftriaxone in bacteria isolated from HIV/AIDS. Most of the isolates were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin even to Gentamycin to some extent.…”