Introduction: Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is known as an antibacterial agent. Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis in children and adults. Over the years, antibiotic resistance case is increasing. Therefore, further research of other substances to find an bactericidal or bacteriostatic agent is needed. The aim of this study is to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Z. officinale var. rubrum against S. pyogenes. Methods: Serial dilution test of red ginger extract in Mueller hinton broth (8 concentrations of red ginger extract : 80%, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2,5%, 1,25%, and 0,625%) and positive control (1 ml bacterial suspension in Mueller hinton broth) was used to determine MIC. MBC was determined by culturing solutions from the previous dilution test into blood agar plate.lResults: MIC of red ginger extract against S. pyogenes could not be determined because the color of red ginger extract affected the turbidity of the dilution test result. MBC of red ginger extract against S. pyogenes was at concentration 20% of red ginger extract.Conclusion: Z. officinale var. rubrum showed antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes.

Background: The prevalence of dermatophytosis in Indonesia reach 52% of all fungal infections and is dominated by tinea corporis. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the clinical profile of tinea corporis patients in the Outpatient Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. Methods: This study was a descriptive study with a case series method from patient medical records in the mycology division of the Outpatient Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015 with 339 samples. Results: This study showed that tinea corporis patients were dominated by women counting for 113 patients in 2014 and 84 in 2015. Tinea corporal patients were dominated by the post-puberty age group between 40 and 50 years. Tinea cruris is the most common comorbid infection in this case. There were 85.25% of patients who showed positive results for hyphae structure, 72.57% of patients showed negative results for blastospore structure, and 64.31% of patients showed negative results for examination of Wood’s lamp. There were 100 patients in 2014 and 86 patients in 2015 who received oral griseofulvin pharmacological therapy and 86.30% of these patients showed improvement in results after two weeks of treatment. Conclusion: Tinea corporis mostly attacks women and post-puberty age groups with tinea cruris as the most comorbid infections. The characteristic of tinea corporis could be shown as positive result for hyphae and negative for blastospore through the KOH test, and oral Griseofulvin is the most pharmacological therapy used for treatment

Cryptococcus  infection in HIV / AIDS patients results in cryptococcal meningitis, a major cause of subacute meningitis  with 100% mortality if not receiving appropriate antifungal therapy. An examination of cryptococcal antigen will provide risk information for patients who will experience cryptococcal meningitis. Better diagnosis in asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of cryptococcosis are key components to reduce morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the proportion of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV / AIDS patients treated at Intermediate Treatment-Infectious Diseases Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. Cryptococcal antigenemia was examined in HIV / AIDS patients with suspected Cryptococcus infection and CD4+ T cell lymphocyte count <200 cell /μl. The examination used a lateral flow assay diagnostic tool, a simple FDA(Food and Drug Administration)-approved immunochromatographic test system for detection of capsular polysccharide antigens of Cryptococcus species complex (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii) in blood. This test meets all of the World Health Organization ASSURED criteria (affordable, sensitive, specific, user friendly, rapid/robust, equipment-free, and delivered). Sensitivity and specifiticy of this method from serum are both 100%. There were 3 positive cryptococcal antigenemia from 41 serum HIV / AIDS patients with suspected cryptococcus infection at Intermediate Treatment- Infectious Diseases Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. All of these patients were male aged over 36 years, had CD4+ T cell lymphocytes <100 cell /μl and had never received antiretroviral therapy before. The proportion of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV / AIDS patients with suspected Cryptococcus infection at Intermediate Treatment-Infectious Diseases Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya was 7.32%.

Invasive candidiasis is an important health-care-associated fungal infection. Candida is often described as an opportunistic pathogen. It is commensal flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Invasive candidiasis can happen usually because of a consequence of increased or abnormal colonization together with a local or generalized defect in host defenses. Candidiasis can occur in patients with HIV, therapy with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, transplant organ, and immunocompromised. Most cases of gastric perforation occur as complications of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD), Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and gastric neoplasms, but candidiasis as a cause of gastric perforation is very rare. This study aims to reveal the correlation between gastric perforation with candidiasis and NSAIDs. It was reported that a 57-year-old East Java Indonesian female presented with severe epigastric pain, generalized peritonitis, fever, nausea also vomiting and had a history of NSAIDs used for five years. The patient was taken to the general surgery of Dr. Sutomo Surabaya Hospital and performed exploratory laparotomy. A gastric perforation was discovered in the antrum. Microbiology culture examination from biopsy gastric tissue revealed an intense fungal growth from sabouraudagar medium and there is no other microorganism that grew in aerobic culture. Candida albicans was identified by VITEK® 2 COMPACT. Histopathological examination from biopsy gastric tissue was performed by Olympus CX-21 microscope, showed invasive Candida albicans consisting of numerous fungal yeasts and pseudohyphae invading and destroying the gastric wall. The patient was subsequently treated with fluconazole anti-fungal and discharge home after nine days postoperative period in good condition. From this result, we suggest using an antifungal treatment for patients who use NSAIDs for long periods to prevent candidiasis.

Background: Tinea capitis (TC) is common infection caused by dermatophytes on the scalp. Cat contact is one of the TC risk factors. Microsporum canis is the most abundant fungi in cats and humans as a zoophilic infection. Cats and carrier cats can infect humans, mostly children. Purpose: To evaluate cat contact as a risk factor for TC patients at the Dermatology and Venereology Outpatients Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya in January 2017 - December 2018. Methods: A retrospective study by observation and recording data. The results obtained as a result of the data recap were then processed using tabulation to obtain conclusions. Result: The results obtained from TC cases in 2017 and 2018 are 20 patients. The results were cat contact in 9 patients (45%), aged > 5 years (55,6%), male (55,6%), and lived in Surabaya (88,9%), hair loss (88,9%), crust (100%), M. canis in culture (55,6%), Grey patch type (55,6%), combination of oral Griseofulvin and Ketoconazole 2% scalp solution (88,9%), and patients’ follow up (44,4%). Discussion: More people keeping cats will increase the risk of being infected with feline dermatophytosis. Combination therapy is the best treatment for M. canis. It is important to educate parents to be careful with pet cats that can become carriers. Conclusion: Cat contact was positive in almost half patients, mostly in a male and > 5 years old. The most common signs and symptoms were crust and hair loss, and grey patch.