Cryptococcus  infection in HIV / AIDS patients results in cryptococcal meningitis, a major cause of subacute meningitis  with 100% mortality if not receiving appropriate antifungal therapy. An examination of cryptococcal antigen will provide risk information for patients who will experience cryptococcal meningitis. Better diagnosis in asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of cryptococcosis are key components to reduce morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the proportion of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV / AIDS patients treated at Intermediate Treatment-Infectious Diseases Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. Cryptococcal antigenemia was examined in HIV / AIDS patients with suspected Cryptococcus infection and CD4+ T cell lymphocyte count <200 cell /μl. The examination used a lateral flow assay diagnostic tool, a simple FDA(Food and Drug Administration)-approved immunochromatographic test system for detection of capsular polysccharide antigens of Cryptococcus species complex (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii) in blood. This test meets all of the World Health Organization ASSURED criteria (affordable, sensitive, specific, user friendly, rapid/robust, equipment-free, and delivered). Sensitivity and specifiticy of this method from serum are both 100%. There were 3 positive cryptococcal antigenemia from 41 serum HIV / AIDS patients with suspected cryptococcus infection at Intermediate Treatment- Infectious Diseases Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. All of these patients were male aged over 36 years, had CD4+ T cell lymphocytes <100 cell /μl and had never received antiretroviral therapy before. The proportion of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV / AIDS patients with suspected Cryptococcus infection at Intermediate Treatment-Infectious Diseases Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya was 7.32%.

Abstract-COVID-19 is an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has been declared a pandemic by WHO. At present there is no therapy or vaccine available for handling COVID-19. Data obtained in China, Italy and South Korea show fewer children under 10 years of age are infected with COVID-19, and even if they have an infection they generally experience mild symptoms even without symptoms. Children get routine vaccinations and various infections. This seems to train the immune system of children so that it is more immune to COVID-19. MMR vaccination demonstrates partial preventive protection against COVID-19. This is due to several previous studies that measles vaccine provides protection against pathogens other than measles and also because of the similarity between the protein S in SARS-CoV-2 with protein F in Measles virus (measles) and protein E in Rubella virus (German measles). Prophylaxis is a way to prevent disease. This review will discuss the possibility of giving MMR vaccination as a protection against COVID-19. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, prophylaxis, MMR Abstrak–COVID-19 merupakan infeksi yang dikarenakan SARS-CoV-2 dan telah dinyatakan sebagai pandemi oleh WHO. Saat ini belum didapatkan terapi maupun vaksin dalam menangani COVID-19. Data yang didapat di negara China, Itali dan Korea selatan menunjukkan anak-anak usia di bawah 10 tahun lebih sedikit yang terinfeksi COVID-19, dan kalaupun mengalami infeksi umumnya mengalami gejala ringan bahkan tanpa gejala. Anak-anak mendapatkan rutin vaksinasi dan berbagai infeksi. Hal ini nampaknya melatih sistem imun anak-anak sehingga lebih kebal terhadap COVID-19. Vaksinasi MMR menunjukkan perlindungan pencegahan parsial terhadap COVID-19. Hal ini dikarenakan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya bahwa vaksin campak memberikan perlindungan terhadap pathogen selain campak dan juga karena adanya kesamaan antara protein S SARS-CoV-2 dengan protein F pada virus Measles (campak) dan protein E pada virus Rubella (campak jerman). Profilaksis merupakan cara untuk mencegah penyakit. Review ini akan membahas mengenai kemungkinan pemberian vaksinasi MMR sebagai perlindungan terhadap COVID-19. Kata kunci: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, profilaksis, MMR

Blood flow infections in HIV/AIDS patients are a major cause of illness and death. Diagnosis of bloodstream infections is mainly established through blood cultures. This study aimed to determine the profile of bacteremia and fungemia in HIV / AIDS patients with sepsis treated at the Intermediate and Infectious Care Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. Aerobic and fungal blood cultures were examined for HIV/AIDS patients with sepsis using an aerobic bactec bottle and bacterial identification using a BD Phoenix semiautomatic machine, with the identification of fungus by using the semiautomatic machine Vitek 2 compact (BioMerieux). Out of the 51 patients with sepsis which underwent blood cultures, a positive blood culture was obtained in eight patients (16% proportion). Bacteria obtained included Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Acinetobacter baumannii, Non-Typhoid Salmonella, and Micrococcus luteus. The fungus was Cryptococcus spp.

Cryptococcus fungal infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV / AIDS) patients results in cryptococcal meningitis with a mortality of 100% if the patients do not receive appropriate antifungal therapy. An examination of cryptococcal antigens will provide risk information for patients who will experience cryptococcal meningitis. This study aimed to determine the proportion of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV/AIDS patients treated at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya and to observe its relation with CD4+ T lymphocyte count. Cryptococcal antigenemia was examined in HIV/AIDS patients with suspected Cryptococcus infection and a CD4+ T lymphocyte count < 200 cell/μl. The examination used a lateral-flow assay diagnostic tool (a simple diagnostic kit from IMMY that detects the capsular antigen of cryptococcus) and also a fungal culture on sabouraud dextrose agar. There were three positive cryptococcal antigenemia from 41 serum specimens of HIV/AIDS patients with suspected cryptococcus infection and a CD4+ T cell lymphocyte count < 200 cell/μl. All the patients were males, aged over 36 years old, had CD4+ T cell lymphocytes < 100 cell/μl and had never received antiretroviral therapy before. The proportion of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV/AIDS patients with suspected Cryptococcus infection and a CD4+ T cell lymphocyte count < 200 cell/μl was 7.32%. There was no significant association of the occurrence of cryptococcal antigenemia with age, gender, symptoms, CD4+ T lymphocyte count and previous ARV status.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are one of the biggest health problems in the 21st century to date. HIV/AIDS cases continue to soar, one of which is due to the practice of prostitution because commercial sex workers (CSW) are a group at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Dolly, the largest localization at Surabaya has already been closed by the government to decrease the transmisiion of HIV. The research method is based on laboratory examination using the Rapid Test Immunochromatography method with the subject of examination being women who live around Dolly localization. This method has the advantages of fast inspection time (only around 15-30 minutes), is easy to do, does not use special tools, and is quite sensitive. The number of women who were HIV positive was 1.4%, and the number who were HIV negative was 98.6%. The association between the risk variables for CSWs and HIV status was then determined using the Spearman correlation test. Statistical analyses revealed a significant relationship between CSW status and HIV prevalence with a significance value of 0.05 (p=0.025; CI=95%). Since the correlation coefficient is positive, a rise in CSWs' active status can also lead to an increase in HIV prevalence.

Background: Stress is a mental response of a person's body that arises as a reaction to external demands that are considered dangerous or threatening him / her. Various studies have shown that stress on students especially on medical students is very high. This study specifically aimed to analyze the level of stress in preclinical students level 1, 2 and 3 of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Surabaya.  Case discussion :  This research is an analytic survey with a cross-sectional study approach. Data were collected through the Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ). A total of 114 medical students were obtained, consisting of 85 female students and 29 male students. Number of class 2017 are 38 medical students, number of class 2018 are 37 medical students, and class 2019 are 39 medical students. A total of 94 medical students live with their parents but the remaining 20 medical students do not live with their parents. Stressors in this study consisted of six groups, namely academic-related stressors (ARS), intrapersonal and interpersonal related stressors (IRS), teaching and learning related stressors(TLRS), social related stressors (SRS), drive and desire related stressors (DRS), group activities related stressors (GARS).Conclusion: It was found that the most stressors were academic-related stressors. Women are generally more stressed than men in drive and desire related stressors. There were no different stress between medical students who live and not live with their parents.