Immunometabolism and Exercise: New avenues

Abstract

ARTIGO DE REVISÃO | REVIEW ARTICLE RESUMOSistema imunológico e metabolismo celular interagem constantemente por meio de proteínas imunomoduladoras, denominadas citocinas, a fim de manter a dinâmica e a comunicação entre os sistemas sendo, na atualidade, amplamente difundido nas diversas áreas do conhecimento, principalmente no campo da saúde, como Imunometabolismo. As principais doenças do século 21 caracterizam-se por apresentar processos inflamatórios bem definidos os quais favorecem o agravamento da doença e a instalação de comorbidades associadas à alteração metabólica. Em linhas gerais, a resposta inflamatória está associada a dieta inadequada e sedentarismo, alterando a dinâmica metabólica entre citocinas, ácidos graxos e endotoxina e ativando, assim, fatores de transcrição gênica, como o NF-kB. Por outro lado, a prática regular de exercício físico é amplamente recomendada como potente ferramenta na prevenção e tratamento de distúrbios metabólicos em virtude de seu poder anti-inflamatório e anti-aterogênico por meio da produção de miocinas advindas do músculo-esquelético e com atuação anti-inflamatória, como a IL-6, provenientes dos estímulos gerados pela contração muscular, e ativação de proteínas e fatores de transcrição gênica, como o PPAR. Desta forma, o objetivo da presente revisão é contextualizar e difundir os principais conceitos de uma emergente área do conhecimento, o Imunometabolismo, caracterizando sua função e atuação nos campos da doença e da saúde por meio da prática do exercício físico. Palavras-chave: Inflamação, Metabolismo, Imunometabolismo, Citocinas, Exercício Físico ABSTRACT Immune system and cell metabolism have been interacted constantly, by synthesis and release of immunomodulatory proteins, recognized as cytokines, in order to maintain the body homeostasis. The "crosstalk" between systems has been widely spread in several areas of knowledge, mainly in the health field, as Immunometabolism. Diseases of the 21 st century, which affect world populations, are characterized by inflammatory processes favoring the worsening of the illness itself and the installation of other comorbidities. In general, the inflammatory response is associated with poor diet and physical inactivity, which modify the metabolic dynamics among cytokines, fatty acids and endotoxin culminating in reaction cascades, activating gene transcription factors, such as NF-kB. Furthermore, regular physical exercise is widely recommended as a powerful tool at the prevention and treatment of several metabolic diseases in virtue of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic capacity, through anti-inflammatory myokine production, such as IL-6, from the stimuli generated by muscle contraction and proteins and gene transcription factors activation, as PPAR, which increase the anti-inflammatory response. Thus, the purpose of this review is to contextualize and disseminate knowledge about an emerging area, the Immunometabolism, featuring its function and performance in the illness and health fields by physical exercise.

Effects of different physical training protocols on inflammatory markers in Zymosan‐induced rheumatoid arthritis in Wistar rats

“…Physical exercise causes microtrauma of varying degrees in the striated skeletal muscle tissue,59 with temporary and repairable damage that causes an acute inflammatory response initiated by neutrophils and macrophages. These serve the purpose of cleaning, repairing, and developing the damaged tissues, characterized by activation of the transcription factor NF-kB and cytokine IL-6 60. In our study, increased IL-6 gene expression was observed in all physical training groups compared to that in the RA group, likely due to theF I G U R E 5 Analysis of mRNA expression using RT-qPCR.…”

Sports participation and adiposity do not mediate the relationship between birth weight and arterial thickness in adolescents: ABCD Growth Study

“…Obesity is a health outcome usually related to extremes of birth weight and, initially, it was hypothesised that body fatness would be the link between birth weight and the vascular outcomes, mediating this relationship. In fact, adiposity seems to be a pathogenic denominator of many chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, 25,[28][29][30] and birth weight has been frequently related to obesity during adolescence. 3,8,31 However, the relationship Table 3.…”

“…Partial correlation was adopted as a measure of effect size. 25 Structural equation modelling has been used in order to identify the potential role of body fatness and sports participation on the relationship between birth weight and FIMT. Statistical significance was set at p value lower than 0.05 and all analyses were performed using the software BioEstat (version 5.0).…”