Biofloc technology (BFT): Adjusting the levels of digestible protein and digestible energy in diets of Nile tilapia juveniles raised in brackish water

Durigon, Emerson Giuliani; Lazzari, Rafael; Uczay, Juliano; Lopes, Diogo L.A.; Jerônimo, Gabriela Tomas; Sgnaulin, Tayna; Emerenciano, Maurício Gustavo Coelho

doi:10.1016/j.aaf.2019.07.001

Cited by 63 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The increase in the number of thrombocytes observed in T5 may be related to red cell lysis or may indicate a process of cell phagocytosis, due to the stress caused by the high stocking density, and also due to the several microorganisms present in the biofloc system (Correa et al, 2020;Durigon et al, 2020). However, in our study, no sign of any infection was observed in the animals.…”

Section: /9contrasting

confidence: 49%

Nile Tilapia Nursery in a Biofloc System: Evaluation of Different Stocking Densities

et al. 2020

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This trial aimed to evaluate the growth performance and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) GIFT strain during nursery using different stock densities in a biofloc system. The experiment was conducted in circular tanks (400 L) with sexually reversed fish, weighing 6.74 ± 0.37 g, over a period of 35 days. Five treatments with three replicates each were used in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: T1 (200 fishes m-3); T2 (300 fishes m-3); T3 (400 fishes m-3); T4 (500 fishes m-3), and T5 (600 fishes m-3). The fishes were fed four times a day, following a feed table for this species, with adjustments according to fish biomass. The water quality parameters total ammoniacal nitrogen, and unionized ammonia showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatments with lower (T1) and higher stocking densities (T4, T5). Alkalinity was significantly higher in treatments with higher densities (T4 and T5). For hematological parameters, the number of thrombocytes was higher in T5. Hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in T5 than in T3. The best productive indexes were found in T4, presenting final biomass of 9915.16 ± 14.80 g m-3 , apparent feed conversion rate of 1.11 ± 0.02, mean survival of 95.75 ± 0.75%, and daily mean weight gain of 0.43 ± 0.07 g. Overall, the Nile tilapia nursery in a biofloc system showed higher individual growth at densities up to 300 fishes m-3 and increased stocking density up to 500 fishes m-3 .

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Section: /9contrasting

confidence: 49%

Nile Tilapia Nursery in a Biofloc System: Evaluation of Different Stocking Densities

et al. 2020

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“…Lipids typically make up about 7-15 g/100 g of a fish diet to supply essential fatty acids and serve as transporters for fat-soluble vitamins [57]. The crude lipid content of the bioflocs found in this study was low, ranging from 0.35-0.92 g/100 g. Nevertheless, the lipid values were in line with previous studies reported by Emerenciano et al [12,14], Anand et al [37], Himaja [41], and Durigon et al [43]. In general, the lipid content in biofloc is usually low, with concentrations ranging from below 0.1 to 2.5 g/100 g [20,22,30,36,58,59].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Higher protein percentages (30-49 g/100 g) were recorded in bioflocs (by dry weight) by many researchers in previous studies [12,20,22,30,42,[49][50][51][52][53]. Lower percentages of protein were documented by Himaja et al [41] (16.61 g/100%) and Durigon et al [43] (17.39 g/100 g) in bioflocs collected from a tilapia waste source and dried by oven drying at 45 °C and 55 °C for 72 h, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Factors such as the density and particle size of the biofloc, the carbon source that is supplied, the environmental conditions, water quality parameters, and food preferences of the animals have been found to affect the characteristics and nutritional composition of biofloc ([8,10,13,15-18,33-36]. The biofloc source and the method of drying could also influence the nutritional composition, since various proximate compositions (the protein, lipid, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, and energy contents) have been observed in many previous studies using several methods (sunlight, air-drying, oven-drying, and freeze-drying) and different drying temperatures and times [18,22,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Nonetheless, the effects of different waste sources and drying methods on the nutrient composition of dried biofloc have yet to be explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proximate Chemical Composition of Dried Shrimp and Tilapia Waste Bioflocs Produced by Two Drying Methods

Binalshikh-Abubkr

Hanafiah

Das

2021

JMSE

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The effects of two waste sources, red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei), and two drying methods (freeze-drying and oven-drying) on the proximate chemical composition of bioflocs were investigated. In total, four kinds of experimentally treated bioflocs were compared to identify the best waste source and drying method to produce biofloc of an acceptable nutrient value: freeze-dried shrimp biofloc (FDSBF), oven-dried shrimp biofloc (ODSBF), freeze-dried tilapia biofloc (FDTBF), and oven-dried tilapia biofloc (ODTBF). The protein, lipid, ash, fiber, total nitrogen free extract (NFE), and energy contents of the dried bioflocs ranged from 12.12 to 24.09 g/100 g, 0.35 to 0.92 g/100 g, 42.45 to 61.01 g/100 g, 7.43 to 17.11 g/100 g, 16.45 to 18.59 g/100 g, and 0.99 to 1.94 Kcal g−1, respectively. Statistically, there were significant differences within the means of the two biofloc sources in terms of their proximate compositions (p < 0.05). The average values between the drying methods for protein, lipid, total NFE, and energy were also significantly different, while no significant differences (p > 0.05) were recorded for ash and fiber. Amino acids (AAs) were higher in FDTBF, followed by ODTBF. The mineral profiles showed that phosphorous, potassium, manganese, selenium, and copper were higher in the tilapia waste bioflocs, while calcium, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, and cobalt were higher in the shrimp waste bioflocs. Although the statistical analysis showed that the shrimp waste bioflocs had higher levels of lipid, fiber, total NFE, and minerals, the tilapia waste bioflocs contained higher levels of potential AAs, energy, and protein, which are regarded as expensive ingredients in aquaculture feeding. This study indicates that biofloc derived from tilapia waste can be regarded as a more suitable source of biofloc meal (in terms of protein, ash, energy, and AAs) than biofloc derived from shrimp waste. Our findings also suggest that freeze-drying is a more effective drying method for drying biofloc, as it efficiently maintains nutritional quality.

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“…Because of its composition, biofloc is an excellent source of protein where values around 40% of crude protein have been reported (Chen et al 2020; Durigon et al 2020; Martinez‐Porchas et al 2020). In addition, biofloc is an excellent source of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 and n‐6) (Ekasari et al 2010; Emerenciano et al 2012; Ekasari et al 2014; Luo et al 2017; Moreno‐Arias et al 2018; Van Doan et al 2019; Sgnaulin et al 2020).…”

Section: Biofloc and Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nitrification process for nitrogen removal in biofloc system aquaculture

Robles‐Porchas

Gollas‐Galván

Martínez‐Porchas

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquaculture is an economic activity that faces the unavoidable problem of water quality detriment, which is mainly generated by the improper management of production ponds, including inadequate water circulation and aeration, accumulation of undigested food residues, excretion of metabolic by‐products by the cultivated organisms and other. In addition, the increase in suspended organic matter together with the presence and generation of nitrogen compounds can severely affect the physiology of the animal, leading to significant losses in production. Ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) are toxic in different scales and environmental conditions; therefore, reducing their concentrations in the culture units has paramount relevance. In this regard, bioflocs are an efficient alternative to transform nitrogen compounds into a non‐toxic form, taking advantage of the capabilities of the microbial communities conforming them. Also, nitrogen can be harnessed and incorporated as organic nitrogen, making the biofloc a source of useful natural food for the cultivated organism. The substantial reduction in the rate of water exchange favoured by the biofloc technology (BFT) is a beneficial advantage for both the production systems and the environment, diminishing the risk of introducing pathogens into the pond in parallel with the improvement in the water quality of effluents. Ammonia oxidation is an advantage adding value to the BFT systems and is discussed in this review.

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Biofloc technology (BFT): Adjusting the levels of digestible protein and digestible energy in diets of Nile tilapia juveniles raised in brackish water

Cited by 63 publications

References 45 publications

Nile Tilapia Nursery in a Biofloc System: Evaluation of Different Stocking Densities

Nile Tilapia Nursery in a Biofloc System: Evaluation of Different Stocking Densities

Proximate Chemical Composition of Dried Shrimp and Tilapia Waste Bioflocs Produced by Two Drying Methods

The nitrification process for nitrogen removal in biofloc system aquaculture

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