Objective: To analyze the association of potential risk factors to health with body fatness and insulin resistance. Baseline measures of the ongoing longitudinal Analysis of Behaviors of Children During (ABCD) Growth Study. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 280 adolescents of both sexes (198 boys and 82 girls) aged from 10 to 18 years. Four risk factors were considered, as follows: no sports practice, skipping breakfast, poor sleep quality, and TV viewing. The outcomes considered were insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body fatness (densitometer scanner). Age, sex, maturity offset, and ethnicity were treated as covariates. Results: No sports practice and skipping breakfast were associated with higher body fatness (Sports practice: Wald: 8.786; p = 0.003. Breakfast: Wald: 9.364; p = 0.002). Poor sleep quality was related to a greater HOMA-IR index (Wald: 6.013; p = 0.014). Adolescents with ≥3 risk factors presented a higher risk of high HOMA-IR (OR = 4.89 (95%CI: 1.61 to 14.84)) than their counterparts with no risk factors. Conclusion: Lifestyle risk factors seem relevant to affect obesity and insulin resistance, while the aggregation of these risk factors affects insulin resistance, independent of adiposity.

Adolescents who ate breakfast regularly presented lower body fatness independent of physical activity, whereas trunk fatness decreased in adolescents who improved physical activity.

Objective To analyze the relationship between sports participation and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels in adolescents and to identify the possible role of mediation developed by trunk fatness (TF). Methods Cross‐sectional design, part of the longitudinal study entitled “Analysis of Behaviors of Children During Growth” (ABCD Growth Study), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. The sample comprised 259 adolescents (14.7 ± 2.1 [182 boys and 77 girls]) stratified according to sex and engagement in sports in agreement with the inclusion criteria: absence of any known diseases; previous engagement in sports for at least 12 months (≥300 minutes weekly); no regular engagement in sports in the previous 12 months (non‐regular sports participation or <300 min/wk); written parental consent and adolescents' assent both signed. Engagement in sports was self‐reported. CRP levels were used to assess the inflammatory status. TF was estimated by a densitometer scanner. Age, biological maturation, HOMA‐IR, and blood pressure were treated as covariates. Results There was no mediation effect of TF in the association of any indicators of sports practice and CRP. However, a direct effect of sports was observed on CRP levels when considering previous months of engagement, frequency, and volume of sports for boys and also previous months of engagement in sports for girls. Conclusion Previous sports participation and the amount of engagement in sports per week (≥300 min/wk) presented an inverse relationship with CRP levels; however, trunk fatness did not mediate this process.

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases have a high prevalence in adults and their development begins in the first decades of life. On the other hand, sports participation in childhood and adolescence provides benefits which can delay the onset of these diseases. AIM To synthesize the available literature on the impact of sports participation on cardiovascular outcomes in children and adolescents. METHODS This systematic review was conducted on studies of children and adolescents (aged 8-18 years) who regularly practiced a sport and had reported cardiovascular outcomes (blood pressure and intima-media thickness) recorded. The Medline/PubMed, SciELO, Reference Citation Analysis ( ) and Bireme databases were searched. RESULTS In total, 3314 publications for blood pressure and 122 publications for intima-media thickness were identified in the databases. After exclusions ( e.g., duplicate articles, animal studies and those that did not meet the inclusion criteria), four publications for blood pressure (449 adolescents) and two publications for intima-media thickness were included (402 adolescents). For blood pressure, all publications were longitudinal in design (follow-up ranging from 12 wk to 12 mo) and involved adolescents aged from 8 years to 18 years of age. For intima-media thickness, both publications were longitudinal in design and involved adolescents aged from 11 years to 18 years of age. CONCLUSION Sports participation seems to promote benefits to cardiovascular structure and function in adolescents. However, studies with adolescents are scarce and further research is needed to understand this phenomenon.

Influência do tabagismo passivo associado ao exercício físico realizado por ratas durante prenhez e lactação, sobre o desenvolvimento dos filhotes Artigo originalResumo OBJETIVOS: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar mortalidade, peso e comprimento corporal, e o músculo gastrocnêmio dos filhotes de ratas prenhes submetidas ao programa de natação associado ao tabagismo passivo. MÉTODOS: vinte e quatro ratas foram divididas em quatro grupos: GF (exposto à fumaça de cigarro), GC (Controle), GFN (submetido ao programa de natação e exposto à fumaça de cigarro) e GN (submetido ao programa de natação). A mortalidade e a aferição do peso e comprimento dos filhotes foram realizadas em quatro momentos. O músculo gastrocnêmio dos filhotes foi obtido para avaliação do desenvolvimento muscular. RESULTADOS: a média do nascimento de filhotes foi menor para os grupos GF (10,2) e GFN (10,3) e maior para o GN (12,8). No nascimento, somente o GFN apresentou medidas de peso (p=0,016) e comprimento (p=0,02) significantemente inferiores ao Controle, já na lactação foram os grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro. O grupo GFN apresentou retardo no desenvolvimento muscular em relação ao GC (p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO: O tabagismo passivo durante a prenhez e lactação exerceu influência negativa sobre o número, peso e comprimento corporal dos filhotes do nascimento ao desmame e sobre o desenvolvimento muscular; o programa de natação influenciou positivamente tais variáveis no momento do nascimento, entretanto, não possibilitou os mesmos benefícios durante a lactação; e a associação destes influenciou negativamente tais medidas. AbstractPURPOSE: the purpose of this study was to evaluate mortality, weight and body length, and the gastrocnemius muscle of the offspring of pregnant rats submitted to a swimming program associated with second-hand smoke. METHODS: twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: GF (exposed to cigarette smoke), GC (control), GFN (submitted to the swimming program and exposed to cigarette smoke), and GN (submitted to the swimming program). The mortality, weight and length of the offspring were measured at four time points. The gastrocnemius muscle of the pups was obtained for evaluation of muscle development. RESULTS: the average number of offspring was lower for GF (10.2) and GFN (10.3) and higher for GN (12.8). At birth, only GFN showed significantly lower weight (p=0.016) and length (p=0.02), whereas during lactation the groups exposed to cigarette smoke showed significantly lower weight. GFN had delayed muscle development compared to GC (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Passive smoking during pregnancy and lactation negatively influenced number, weight and body length of offspring from birth to weaning and muscle development, and the swimming program positively influenced these variables at birth, although it did not provide the same benefits during lactation; and their association negatively affected these measures.