Localization of the cotyledon reserves of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., T. subincanum Mart., T. bicolor Bonpl. and their analogies with T. cacao L.

Martini, Maria Helena; Lenci, Camila Gonçalves; Figueira, Antônio; Tavares, Débora de Queiroz

doi:10.1590/s0100-84042008000100013

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Las sustancias de reserva de los cotiledones de T. cacao son: lípidos (492.4 mg g -1 ), almidón (340 mg g -1 ), proteínas (143.5 mg g -1 ) y polifenoles (79.9 mg g -1 ) (Martini et al, 2008;Kalvatchev et al, 1998). Según las pruebas histoquímicas los almidones y proteínas se acumulan primero (Etapa VI, frutos 18:0 a 20.9 cm).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Según las pruebas histoquímicas los almidones y proteínas se acumulan primero (Etapa VI, frutos 18:0 a 20.9 cm). El almidón forma pequeños granos distribuidos uniformemente en el parénquima cotiledonar y las proteínas en cuerpos de proteína no cristalina, de acuerdo con Martini et al (2008). En contraste con lo reportado por Martini et al (2008), las células con taninos del criollo 'Carmelo' no se arreglan en hileras subepidérmicas anticlinales sino que los idioblastos están aislados y dispersos.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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ANATOMÍA E HISTOQUÍMICA DE LA SEMILLA DEL CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) CRIOLLO MEXICANO

Rangel-Fajardo¹,

Zavaleta‐Mancera

Córdova-Téllez

et al. 2012

RevFitotecMex

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El presente estudio contribuye al conocimiento del ovulo, saco embrionario, anatomía e histoquímica de la semilla del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) mexicano criollo ‘Carmelo’ y la relación de tales características con la recalcitrancia. Muestras de flores en antesis y semillas en desarrollo se procesaron para observaciones anatómica (teñidos con safranina y verde fijo) e histoquímicas de lípidos, proteínas, almidón y taninos. Se encontró que el óvulo es anátropo, crasinucelado y bitégmico, con endospermo nuclear, caracteres que han sido asociados con la recalcitrancia en 45 familias de dicotiledóneas. El tegumento interno (ti) forma un endostomo y exostomo no alineados. El saco embrionario presenta tres antípodas, dos sinérgidas, una ovocélula y una célula central binucleada. Después de la fecundación se forman ramas postcalazales que penetran el tegumento externo. El tegumento interno en antesis (dos a tres estratos) se engrosa al inicio del desarrollo (ocho a 10 estratos en semillas de 1 cm), pero luego se colapsa. El tegumento externo (tres a cuatro estratos en antesis) es multiplicativo; la mesotesta se divide (25 a 27 estratos) y luego se colapsa parcialmente. Los sacos de mucílago de la testa se originan de las células debajo de la exotesta. La pulpa del fruto se mantiene adherida a la exotesta, carácter asociado con la recalcitrancia de la semilla. El embrión presenta un crecimiento retardado, el estado globular (40 μm) está presente en semillas de 1 cm de largo. Los cotiledones jóvenes son foliosos y rectos (semillas de 1.5 cm), hacia la madurez se engrosan y pliegan sobre el eje embrionario. El endospermo se reduce a dos estratos en la madurez. Los cotiledones inician la acumulación de almidón y proteína en semillas de 1.5 cm (Etapa VI: frutos de 21.0 a 23.9 cm); los lípidos se acumulan cuando los cotiledones se pliegan, Etapa VII (frutos de 21.0 a 23.9 cm); y los taninos se acumulan en idioblastos hacia el final del desarrollo.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

ANATOMÍA E HISTOQUÍMICA DE LA SEMILLA DEL CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) CRIOLLO MEXICANO

Rangel-Fajardo¹,

Zavaleta‐Mancera

Córdova-Téllez

et al. 2012

RevFitotecMex

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“…Although anatomical studies of this genus have recently been performed, most are related to seeds (Santos 2003, Martini et al 2008, whereas the vegetative organs remain poorly investigated (Metcalfe and Chalk 1950, Nakayama et al 1996, Ferreira et al 2008. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the leaf anatomy of T. grandiflorum, T. speciosum and T. subincanum in order to contribute to the biological knowledge of species of Theobroma and provide support for the biotechnological studies of native fruit plants of the Amazon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf anatomical features of three Theobroma species (Malvaceae s.l.) native to the Brazilian Amazon

et al. 2014

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Theobroma species have economic importance due to their use in the cosmetic and food industries, mainly in the production of chocolate. However, the anatomy of their vegetative structures remains poorly studied. The goal of this study was to describe the anatomical features of Theobroma grandiflorum, T. speciosum and T. subincanum to contribute to the biological knowledge of these species, as well as provide support to the biotechnological studies of native fruit plants of the Amazon. Leaves at different developmental stages were collected and analyzed under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sessile and stalked stellate trichomes and digitiform glandular trichomes were observed in the expanded leaves of T. grandiflorum and T. subincanum. These species were also similar in the morphology of the midrib, the organization of the mesophyll and the presence of starch grains in the midrib pith cells. Claviform glandular trichomes and mucilage cells in the epidermis occurred only in the expanded leaves of T. speciosum. The presence of mucilage secretory trichomes in shoot apices (colleters) of all species is a new finding for the genus Theobroma. KEYWORDS: colleters, cupuassu, glandular trichomes, mucilage, stellate trichomes. Caracteres anatômicos foliares de três espécies de Theobroma (Malvaceae s.l.) nativas da Amazônia Brasileira RESUMOAs espécies de Theobroma têm importância econômica devido a sua utilização nas indústrias cosmética e alimentícia, principalmente na produção de chocolate. Entretanto, a anatomia de suas estruturas vegetativas permanece pouco conhecida. O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever as características anatômicas de Theobroma grandiflorum, T. speciosum e T. subincanum, como contribuição ao conhecimento biológico dessas espécies, bem como, fornecer subsídios aos estudos biotecnológicos de fruteiras nativas da Amazônia. Folhas em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram coletadas e analisadas sob microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Nas folhas expandidas de T. grandiflorum e T. subincanum foram observados tricomas dos tipos estrelado séssil, pedunculado e glandular digitiforme. Estas espécies também foram similares quanto à morfologia da nervura central, à organização do mesofilo e à presença de grãos de amido no parênquima medular da nervura central. Tricomas glandulares claviformes e células mucilaginosas na epiderme do limbo foliar ocorreram somente em T. speciosum. A presença de tricomas secretores de mucilagem nos ápices vegetativos (coléteres) de todas as espécies estudadas é um novo registro para o gênero Theobroma.

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“…The bulk cocoa with yellow color on the whole surface of the fruit contained 51.10% lipid, while in the cocoa with yellow in the groove of fruit, fruit groove back and old yellow maturity level on the entire surface of the fruit had the lipid content of 35.30-36.61% in dry seed (Marwati et al, 2012). While the results of research of Martini et al (2008), the lipid content of dry cocoa seed was 49.24%. In fact, the wet cocoa seeds contained about 30-32% lipid or 50% in dry beans (Permana et al, 2013).…”

Section: Lipidmentioning

confidence: 85%

Dynamics of Storage Materials in Cotyledon During Cocoa Seed Germination

Sakiroh

Taryono

Purwanti

2019

ipas

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Degradation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid food reserves occurs in the seed germination process to produce energy for germination and further growing. This study aimed to determine dynamics the content of protein, carbohydrates, and lipid in cotyledon of seed clon i.e. Sca 6, RCC 70, RCC 71 and KKM 22 during germination. The experiment used completely randomized design consisted of four replications with 4 treatments. In each cocoa germination phases i.e. before germination, phase II (bend/curved phase), cotyledon emergence, leaves emergence and fall of cotyledon from the sprouts. This observation were water content, ash content, lipid, soluble protein, total protein and carbohydrate content. The results of the experiment showed that during germination, there was an increase of water content in cotyledon from the bend phase to the leaf emergence and decrease in the phase of fall of cotyledon The highest water content was observed in the leaf emergence phase as high as 69.42%. The content of ash content, dissolved protein, total protein and carbohydrates in cotyledon fluctuated during the bend phase until the leaf emergence and increased in the phase of fal of cotyledon. ipid content has decreased from the bend phase until the fall of cotyledons. Carbohydrate levels have increased from the bend phase to the fall of cotyledons. The speed of degradation procces of seed stored material (water, lipid, protein and carbohydrate content) during germination is affected by differences in seed clones. The Scavina 6 and KKM 22 clones entered the bend phase and the realease of cotyledon.

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Localization of the cotyledon reserves of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., T. subincanum Mart., T. bicolor Bonpl. and their analogies with T. cacao L.

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

ANATOMÍA E HISTOQUÍMICA DE LA SEMILLA DEL CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) CRIOLLO MEXICANO

ANATOMÍA E HISTOQUÍMICA DE LA SEMILLA DEL CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) CRIOLLO MEXICANO

Leaf anatomical features of three Theobroma species (Malvaceae s.l.) native to the Brazilian Amazon

Dynamics of Storage Materials in Cotyledon During Cocoa Seed Germination

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