Genetic Diversity of Local Black Rice Cultivars Based on Microsatellite Markers. Kristamtini, Taryono, Panjisakti Basunanda, and Rudi H. Murti. Indonesia has diverse accessions of local black rice, which are important sources of germplasm. However, some of the local black rice cultivars have different names, leading a need to be identified to determine their genetic diversity using molecular marker. This study aimed to identify genetic diversity of eleven cultivars of local black rice, collection of the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, Yogyakarta and compared them with two white rice varieties using four microsatellite markers. Detection of microsatellite alleles polymorphism was carried out by visualization of PCR amplicons by electrophoresis on agarose gel. To estimate their genetic diversity, phylogenetic tree and principal coordinate analysis were performed using binary data of SSR alleles. The results revealed that total markers enabled to differentiate black rice cultivars as reflected by high value of polymorphic information content (PIC) mean (0.695). This value was consistent with the high genetic diversity of black rice (genetic diversity index, h = 0.283) in comparison with white rice cultivars (h = 0.020). The phylogenetic and main coordinate analyses suggested that black rice cultivars genetically differed from white rice. The local black rice cultivars were preferentially grouped based on their genetic those were distributed in three coordinates and did not represent their local geographic origin. Genetic diversity analysis in this study will be useful as an initial basis for proper identification and selection for appropriate parents to assist breeding program of black rice in Indonesia.Keywords: Genetic diversity, local cultivar, black rice, microsatellite markers. ABSTRAK PENDAHULUANBeras hitam merupakan salah satu jenis beras yang ada di dunia, di samping beras putih, beras cokelat, dan beras merah. Akhir-akhir ini beras hitam mulai populer dan dikonsumsi oleh sebagian masyarakat sebagai bahan pangan fungsional karena secara alami atau melalui proses tertentu mengandung satu atau lebih senyawa yang dianggap mempunyai fungsi fisiologis yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Beras hitam memiliki kandungan antosianin tinggi yang terletak pada lapisan perikarp, yang memberikan warna ungu gelap (Ryu et al., 1998;Takashi et al., 2001). Antosianin telah diakui sebagai bahan pangan fungsional kesehatan karena aktivitas antioksidan

A B S T R A C TThe objectives of the study were to determine (1) The level of physiological resistance of oil palm seedlings to drought stress by boron (B) and silicon (Si) application and (2) The mechanism of B and Si actions to induce physiological resistance of oil palm seedlings to drought stress. The B and Si were the elements capably inducing the internal resistance of plant tissues to drought stress, especially through physiological resistance mechanisms. Field trial was arranged in the factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using three blocks as replications. The first factor was six dose of B: 0.00, 0.17, 0.44, 0.87 and 1.31 g plantG 1 . The second factor was five dose of Si: 0.00, 1.15, 2.31, 3.46 and 4.69 g plantG 1 . Observations were done on the Nitrate Reductase Activity (NRA), the content of chlorophyll a, b and total, density, length and width of stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic activity per plant, dry weight of plant parts and trunk height and diameter of the oil palm seedlings. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the means were separated using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level. Meanwhile, the optimum dose of B and Si were determined using regression analysis. The results showed that B and Si application could induce physiological resistance of oil palm seedlings to drought stress. Mechanism of action of B in inducing physiological resistance of oil palm seedlings to drought stress were by increasing of greenish leaves, width of stomatal aperture and photosynthetic activity per plant while Si application capable to increase of greenish leaves and to decrease the density of lower leaf surface stomatal. The optimal dose of B was 0.33-0.57 g/seedlings and the optimal dose of Si was 2.22 g/seedling in inducing physiological resistance of oil palm seedlings to drought stress.

Abstract. Suryanto P, Taryono, Supriyanta, Kastono D, Putra ETS, Widyawan MH, Alam T. 2020. Assessment of soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars in Melaleuca cajuputi agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 21: 3463-3470.  Interactions between rice cultivars and soil quality parameters rises problems in the attempt of increasing rice yield. The objective of this study was to assess soil quality parameters that affect the yield of 15 rice cultivars in an agroforestry system of ‘kayu putih’ (Melaleuca cajuputi) situated in Menggoran forest, Yogyakarta, Indonesia which have three soil types namely Lithic Haplusterts, Ustic Epiaquerts, and Vertic Haplustalfs. The observation was conducted on 21 soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA, factor analysis, and stepwise regression. The highest yield of rice per hectare was attained by GM 28 in Ustic Epiaquerts with 6.493 tons ha-1, while Situ Patenggang and GM 28 in Vertic Haplustalfs as high as5.549 and 5.401 tons ha-1, respectively, and Situ Patenggang in Lithic Haplusterts as high as 4.893 tons ha-1. Soil quality parameters that had significant effect on the yield of rice cultivars were Clay, SMC, pH, SOC, N, Mg, Fe, Fg, and Bae. We suggested that rice cultivars recommendations for Lithic Haplusterts, Ustic Epiaquerts, and Vertic Haplustalfs are Situ Patenggang, Situ Patenggang or GM 28, and GM 28, respectively, in addition to fertilization based on limiting factors of each rice cultivars.

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The Indonesian sugarcane production in the dryland was not optimal due to physiological stress. The research to improve their physiological characteristics by arbuscular mycorrhizal application was conducted at inceptisol soil from April 2014 to February 2015, using factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was clones PS864, Kidangkencana, PS881, Bululawang, and VMC, whereas the second factor was timing of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum applications i.e.: in the field, nursery, and control. The results show that the mycorrhizal application in the nursery significantly increased the infection percentage (41.3%) at the age of 1 week after transplanting to the field. There are differences in physiological and growth performance of clones by the effect of timing of mycorrhizal application. Bululawang with mycorrhizal application in the nursery stage tended to have better physiological performance such as chlorophylls a, b, and total chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, intercellular CO 2 concentration, leaf area, as well as the weight of stem biomass. Mycorrhizal application in the nursery stage showed the highest increase of net assimilation rate on the PS864 and, BL clones, and the highest crop growth rate on the PS864, KK and BL clones. The mycorrizal inoculum application in the nursery increased the biomass weight of stem (11-61.1%). Infection percentage of mycorrhiza was positively correlated with the biomass weight with r 2 values of 0.54.

The genotype–environment interaction causes difficulties in selecting stable and ideal soybean cultivars across crop rotation models. Thus, this study aimed to provide the best estimates of soybean yields in every crop rotation model for recommendations in the rainfed agroforestry system using GGE biplot and EBLUP. In this study, the productivity and stability of 15 soybean cultivars were evaluated using four crop rotation models, that is, soybean planting after fallow (F–S), soybean planting after maize (M–S), soybean planting after rice (R–S), and continuous soybean (S–S) in dry and wet seasons at Menggoran Forest Resort, Playen District, Gunungkidul Regency, Special Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Results in the dry season revealed that the Dering I cultivar had the highest yield in F–S and R–S of 1.267 and 1.375 tons ha−1 and the Grobogan cultivar in M–S and S–S of 1.200 and 1.349 tons ha−1, respectively. During the wet season, the Grobogan cultivar showed the highest yields in F–S, M–S, and S–S of 2.187, 2.435, and 2.247 tons ha−1, and the Dega I cultivar in R–S of 2.049 tons ha−1. Based on the GGE biplot and Shukla model, Dering I and Grobogan cultivars were classified as fairly and relatively stable in dry and wet seasons. The cultivars that are well suited to the environment can maximize the yield potential of these cultivars and help to build a sustainable production system.

Mapping of macro-plastic distribution in the water bodies is important due to the potential of its chemical particle decomposition. Macro-plastic abundance is constituted by population activities which is not accompanied by adequate waste management systems. This study aims to assess the distribution, abundance, and composition of macro-plastic in the water stream of the Cimandiri River from the upper stream to the estuary area. This research was conducted from August to December 2018 using the garbage trap method, with monthly sampling. The results show that the average abundance of macro-plastic is 3.62 x 10-4 items/m3/second with the highest number is in Parung Kuda Station, and the average density is 3.17 x 10-3 kg/m3/second with the highest number is in the coastal area of Palabuhanratu Station. The research shows that plastic packaging is the most portions (42%) of all types of macro-plastic collected which is constructed of low-density polyethylene polymer.

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