The Indonesian sugarcane production in the dryland was not optimal due to physiological stress. The research to improve their physiological characteristics by arbuscular mycorrhizal application was conducted at inceptisol soil from April 2014 to February 2015, using factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was clones PS864, Kidangkencana, PS881, Bululawang, and VMC, whereas the second factor was timing of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum applications i.e.: in the field, nursery, and control. The results show that the mycorrhizal application in the nursery significantly increased the infection percentage (41.3%) at the age of 1 week after transplanting to the field. There are differences in physiological and growth performance of clones by the effect of timing of mycorrhizal application. Bululawang with mycorrhizal application in the nursery stage tended to have better physiological performance such as chlorophylls a, b, and total chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, intercellular CO 2 concentration, leaf area, as well as the weight of stem biomass. Mycorrhizal application in the nursery stage showed the highest increase of net assimilation rate on the PS864 and, BL clones, and the highest crop growth rate on the PS864, KK and BL clones. The mycorrizal inoculum application in the nursery increased the biomass weight of stem (11-61.1%). Infection percentage of mycorrhiza was positively correlated with the biomass weight with r 2 values of 0.54.

Shoot roots are second type of root, which emerge from the base of the new shoots, 5-7 days after planting. The shoot roots growth on single bud chips seedling is critical for further growth in dry land. The objectives of this study were to examine shoot root growth using different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum on five clones of sugarcane and to ascertain their effect on seedling biomass weight. The highest and lowest temperatures on the research site were 32º and 18 ºC, in tropical monsoon climate. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) in 4x5 factorial arrangement with four replicates. The treatments were: four doses of AMF inoculum (0, 1, 2, 3 g/bud chips) on five clones with single bud chips seedling (PS864, KK, PS881, BL, and VMC). The evaluated parameters were root colonization affected by doses of AMF inoculum, number of shoot roots, surface area of shoot and total roots, root length, biomass seedling, and P leaf concentration affected by doses of AMF inoculum. AMF inoculum doses of 2 and 3 g of inoculum/bud chips resulted in the speed and extent root colonization at 5 days after inoculation on all five sugarcane clones. The clones exhibited 57-100 % accelerated emergence of shoot roots (i.e. the second roots formed), increased total root length, total root surface area especially on BL, VMC, and P leaf concentration. Application of 2-3 inoculum/bud of AMF inoculum significantly increased shoot roots growth i.e. root length, root surface area, and number of shoot roots.

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong></strong></p><p>Budi daya ubi kayu di Maluku Utara sebagian besar menggunakan varietas lokal dan tidak dipupuk. Informasi varietas unggul dan teknologi pemupukan spesifik lokasi di Maluku Utara masih terbatas, sehingga menyulitkan dalam pemberian rekomendasi budi daya ubi kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respons pertumbuhan dan hasil varietas unggul dan varietas lokal ubi kayu terhadap dosis pemupukan NPK. Penelitian dilakukan pada lahan kering tanah Latosol di Desa Tuokona, Bacan, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, Maluku Utara mulai bulan September 2017 hingga Juni 2018. Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah empat varietas ubi kayu, yaitu : Adira 1, Mentega, Ubi Kuning dan lokal Bacan. Faktor kedua adalah tiga dosis pemupukan NPK yaitu : 100% dosis rekomendasi, 50% dosis rekomendasi, dan tanpa pemupukan sebagai kontrol. Dosis pemupukan rekomendasi yang digunakan adalah 300 kg Urea + 200 kg SP18 + 100 kg KCl per ha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tanah Latosol di Maluku Utara, pemupukan NPK dosis 100% rekomendasi belum mampu meningkatkan produktivitas ubi kayu varietas Lokal Mentega, Ubi Kuning, Lokal Bacan dan Adira 1. Varietas lokal Mentega dan Ubi Kuning tanpa pemupukan NPK mampu menghasilkan umbi tertinggi berturut-turut 63,80 t dan 53,71 t/ha. Varietas Adira 1 dapat menghasilkan umbi sesuai potensi genetiknya walaupun tanpa pemupukan NPK, yakni 31,16 t/ha.</p>

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Planting sugarcane on dry land is susceptible to drought stress during the vegetative phase thereby reducing productivity. The objectives of this study were to examine the growth and yield of sugarcane transplanting seedling and ascertain their physiological-growth-traits to determine the productivity and sucrose content. The experiment design was a completely randomized block design with four replicates. The treatments were: five varieties and four inter-row spacing of single bud chips seedlings. The study was conducted in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. The parameters were evaluated using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and analyzed using step-wise regression. The application of 60cm inter-row spacing increase the yield of millable cane by 101.7 tons/ha and sucrose content compared with control, respectively by 38.8%, 5.8%. The net photosynthesis (Pn) of nine months, leaf area index of four months, specific leaf weight of five months, the proline content of nine months and net assimilation rate at the age of six months determined the productivity. The physiological determinants of sugar content were Pn at the age of nine months, stem brix, even distribution of brix on the stem nodes, and level of chlorophyll.

Nutmeg is a spice native to the North Maluku islands. The high and stable economic value of nutmeg has made this commodity a leading product for export, regional development and farmers' income. However, at the sales stage, not all of the nutmegs have high selling value. There are physical quality grades of seeds, namely A, B and C. The difference between the best grade A (whole seeds) and wrinkled B is IDR. 50,000; - 75,000; whereas grade C nutmeg is crushed (sticky nutmeg to the shell). In the optimal harvest conditions, 70-80% of the nutmegs are produced including grade A. Still, the large amount of nutmeg that goes to grade B (30-40%) makes farmers' income not optimal. Besides that, the quality of the aroma of nutmeg produced is in the form of essential oil content, low myristicin. To maintain the quality of nutmeg, technical efforts are needed in the field, on farm to postharvest. The technology for preparing superior seedlings from selected certified mother trees is the first step in developing nutmeg in order to obtain high quality and not sticky nutmeg. This step includes the production of generative and vegetative seedlings from the certified parent tree entries. The next step, the nutmeg harvest based on the ripeness of the fruit on the tree is about 80%, marked by the opening of the pulp. This step requires monitoring the condition of the fruit so that the harvest is simultaneous and on time to avoid falling fruit that has prolonged contact with the soil surface. The drying stage is carried out with a clean drying floor using sunlight or a drying machine. It is necessary to develop policies for integrated nutmeg commodity estate that carry out a production system with location-specific optimal technology, from garden optimization, harvesting techniques to drying.

The role of mycorrhizae in plant growth is well known, such as the ability to increase nutrient uptake, especially phosphate (P), drought tolerance, and resistance to pathogens. It is necessary to understand the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal technology in industrial plant production systems and their impact on agriculture systems. Large-scale nurseries of plantations require proper mycorrhizal application techniques. The relationship of mycorrhizal infection with plant yield (biomass) is known and in the next step, appropriate application time is needed to increase the effectiveness of mycorrhizae in plant growth and yield. Application of mycorrhizal inoculum was more effective in increasing the biomass of sugarcane stem weight to reach 61% with an increase in infection of 41.3%. In addition, the mycorrhizal application increases the root growth of sugarcane seedlings. The root growth promoting ability is important to increase the initial growth of plants after transplanting in dry land under the influence of drought stress, limited nutrients. The application of this technology is expected to increase plant growth, facilitate the maintenance and efficiency of cultivation on an industrial scale.