During a taxonomic study of Phyllanthaceae in northeastern Brazil, three new occurrences of Phyllanthus were recorded (P. augustini Baill, P. hyssopifolioides Kunth., and P. riedelianus Müll. Arg.), and diagnoses, distribution information, conservation statuses, as well as affinity comments are provided here. Additionally, the rare species Phyllanthus carvalhoi G.L. Webster was collected, which is endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Bahia State, and we provide an updated morphological description, conservation status, photographs, and unpublished illustrations.