Phyllanthus ocorre em quase todas as regiões do planeta. No Brasil são registradas cerca de 100 espécies, que ocorrem em florestas, cerrados, campos e nas caatingas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar as espécies de Phyllanthus ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro, contribuindo para o Projeto "Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado do Rio de Janeiro". Para cada uma das espécies é indicada a obra original, coleções-tipo, distribuição geográfica, período de floração e frutificação, além de comentários sobre caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos. Além disso, foram propostos alguns novos sinônimos e apresentadas ilustrações originais de algumas espécies, bem com uma chave de identificação para as 20 espécies do gênero encontradas no estado.

(Synopsis of the genus Phyllanthus L. (Phyllanthaceae) of São Paulo state). The genus Phyllanthus occurs worldwide, and in Brazil the latest survey points the occurrence of 107 species. The survey also shows that approximately one quarter of them are mostly found in rocky fields, cerrados and caatingas. The purpose of this study is to summarize the genus Phyllanthus in order to contribute to the completion of the monograph of the family Phyllanthaceae as a whole. Furthermore, this study was aimed to better circurscribe the species that occur in São Paulo State as well as present information morphology, geographical distribution and taxonomy about the taxa studied. In the State of Sao Paulo 16 species of the genus were found. RESUMO-(Sinopse do gênero Phyllanthus L. (Phyllanthaceae) do Estado de São Paulo). O gênero Phyllanthus ocorre em todas as regiões do planeta e no Brasil, o levantamento mais recente aponta a ocorrência de 107 espécies, das quais cerca de um quarto são encontradas, principalmente, nos campos rupestres, cerrados e caatingas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi elaborar a monografia do gênero Phyllanthus do Estado de São Paulo, contribuindo assim para o término da monografia da família Phyllanthaceae para o Projeto "Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo". Além disso, esse trabalho visou buscar um melhor conhecimento e circunscrição das espécies que ocorrem no estado, bem como apresentar informações sobre morfologia, distribuição geográfica e taxonomia sobre os táxons estudados. No Estado de São Paulo foram encontradas 16 espécies do gênero. Palavras-chave: distribuição geográfica, Euphorbiaceae s.l., florística, taxonomia Introdução Com o advento da sistemática filogenética houve uma grande mudança na circunscrição das Euphorbiaceae s.l., pois as evidências trazidas pelos dados moleculares de alguns marcadores, como 18S rDNA, rbcL e atpB, não suportavam a família como um grupo monofilético (Chase et al. 1993). Deste modo, em 2003, o APG propôs que as Euphorbiaceae s.l. fossem divididas em três famílias distintas: as Euphorbiaceae s.s., compreendendo apenas os grupos uniovulados Euphorbioideae, Crotonoideae e Acalyphoideae; Picrodendraceae, constituída pelo grupo biovulado Oldfieldioideae e, finalmente, Phyllanthaceae, constituída pelo grupo biovulado Phyllanthoideae. As três famílias possuem frutos e embriologia similares, entretanto algumas características foliares, florais, polínicas e da anatomia da testa da semente são diferentes. Mais recentemente, Hoffmann et al. (2006), baseados tanto em dados moleculares, quanto morfológicos, propuseram que as Euphorbiaceae s.l. fossem divididas em cinco famílias, as três famílias citadas anteriormente, ou seja, Euphorbiaceae s.s., Phyllanthaceae e Picrodendraceae, além de Pandaceae e Putranjivaceae, ambas dotadas de lóculos do ovário biovulados. Phyllanthaceae pode ser distinguida de Euphorbiaceae s.s. por apresentar os lóculos do ovário biovulados (vs. lóculos uniovulados), pela ausência de canais laticíferos e, consequentemente, de látex branco ...

Iryanthera polyneura (Myristicaceae) is popularly known as cumala-colorada, and can be found in the Amazon rain forest. The present study aimed the evaluation of the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from the leaves of I. polyneura throughout a two-year period in order to correlate chemical findings with seasonality and climatic variation. Leaves from I. polyneura were collected 15 times from three different individuals, identified as 22EO, 80EO and 530EO, between the years of 2009 and 2011. The EOs were obtained and tested by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. ANOVA and multivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship between the percentage of terpenes and seasonal/climatic variations. Fifty-nine compounds were detected in the EOs, of which 44 were identified (74.5%). The main components of the EOs were spathulenol (6.42 ± 1.02%), α-cadinol (5.82 ± 0.40%) and τ-muurolol (5.24 ± 0.03%). Higher levels of spathulenol were observed in 22EO during rainy season, while τ-muurolol occurred in high amounts during the dry season, as did α-cadinol in 22EO and 80EO. Correspondence analysis revealed a distinction between two groups of EOs based on seasonality, whereas a canonic correspondence analysis and ANOVA determined how the major compounds were related to both seasonality and climatic factors. Non-metric multidimensional scaling in association with an analysis of similarities showed that the abundance and composition of terpenes in the samples varied moderately among the three Iryanthera individual plants. Present findings have shown that there is variation in the occurrence of the major compounds spathulenol, τ-muurolol and α-cadinol produced by I. polyneura and that the pattern of variation is related to season and climatic changes.

The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the leaves of Iryanthera polyneura Ducke trees was chemically Assessed and tested for the ability of inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguinis. The oil was also tested against breast (MCF‐7) and prostate (PC‐3) cancer cell lines. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and 50 % inhibition concentrations (IC50) values were obtained. EOs were active against Gram‐positive bacteria. Spathulenol, α‐cadinol and τ‐muurolol were major components of EOs. The oils showed a higher cytotoxicity against PC‐3 than MCF‐7 cells, although the oils were active against both cell types. Oils obtained from leaves collected in the dry season were more active against E. faecalis, S. aureus and PC‐3, while the oils obtained from leaves collected in the rainy season were more active against S. mutans, S. sanguinis and MCF‐7. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oils from the leaves of I. polyneura are related to the seasonal climate variation and are influenced by compounds that are minor components of the oils.

ResumoPhyllanthus, com cerca de 1.270 espécies, é pantropical, mas também ocorre em regiões temperadas de todo o planeta. No Brasil são registradas cerca de 100 espécies, que ocorrem em florestas, cerrados, campos e nas caatingas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a taxonomia das espécies do gênero ocorrentes no estado do Espírito Santo. Para cada uma delas é indicada a coleções tipo, descrição, ilustração, chave de identificação, distribuição geográfica, período de floração e frutificação, além de comentários sobre caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos. Palavras-chave: Euphorbiaceae s.l., Euphorbiaceae s.s., florística, taxonomia. AbstractPhyllanthus, with 1,270 species, is pantropical, but also occurs in temperate regions of the world. Around 100 species are recorded to Brazil and they can be found in forests, cerrados, grasslands and caatingas. This work aims to study perform a taxonomic survey the species of Phyllanthus from Espírito Santo state. Protologues, type collections, descriptions, illustrations, identification key, geographic distribution, phenology information, and taxonomic comments are provided.

Cover Picture. Iryanthera polyneura Ducke (cumala‐colorada) is native to Brazil, although not endemic, and occurs in terra firme within the Amazon rain forest. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of the species were evaluated, as well as the relationship between the biological activities of the oils and seasonal variation. Significant antibacterial activity against the Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans was observed. The oils were more toxic to prostate than to breast cancer cells. The EOs obtained from leaves collected in the rainy season were more active against microorganisms and were more cytotoxic to the breast cancer cells than those collected in the dry season. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the EOs from the leaves of I. polyneura are dependent on seasonal influences that produce changes in the terpene composition of EOs, as reported by Martins et al. in their full paper at 10.1002/cbdv.201900374.