The anti-obesity effect of ethanol extract and their fractions from Rumex Crispus L. on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes to adipocytes was investigated by suppressing adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation with Oil red O assay, western blot and real-time PCR analysis. Ethyl acetate fraction of Rumex crispus L. significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation when treated during the adipocyte differentiation process, as assessed by measuring fat accumulation using Oil red O staining. In inducing differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of an adipogenic cocktail, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone-and insulin-along with ethyl acetate fraction residue processing treatment significantly decreased protein expression of obesity-related proteins, such as peroxisome-proliferatorsactivated-receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT enhancer-binding-proteins α (C/EBPα). These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of Rumex crispus L. is the most effective candidate for preventing obesity. However further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds that confer the anti-obesity activity of ethyl acetate fraction from Rumex crispus L.
Obesity, which is characterized by a state of mild chronic inflammation, is known to cause metabolic diseases. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of lyophilized dropwort vinegar powder (DVP) on adipocyte differentiation and inflammation in T3-L1 preadipocyte and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. DVP inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes induced by a mixture of IBMX, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI). Western blot analysis of cell lysates showed that DVP decreased the levels of two major transcription factors involved in adipogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα). DVP also significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), and this was accompanied by a decrease in inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression. These results demonstrate that DVP inhibits MDI-induced adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The findings indicate that this natural product may be a good candidate as to prevent metabolic diseases. 서 론 현대 사회는 에너지의 과잉 섭취, 서구화 된 식생활 습관, 내분비 장애, 유전적인 요인 등으로 인해 비만 인구가 급격히 증가함에 따라 비만이 심각한 사회문제로 다루어지고 있으며, 건강상 많은 문제점의 원인이 된다[34]. 비만은 에너지의 섭취 와 소비 사이의 불균형으로 인해 체내 지방 축적이 필요 이상 으로 증가하고 지방세포의 크기와 숫자가 비정상적으로 증가 하여 발병하며, 염증, 2형 당뇨병, 고혈압 및 심혈관계 질환과 같은 만성대사질환의 원인이 되는 것으로 알려져 있다[1, 2]. Adipogenesis는 지방 세포를 형성하는 과정으로, 지방 조 직 세포에 특징적으로 발현되는 전사인자들의 발현이 수반된 다[16, 25]. 지방 세포 분화 시에 중요한 역할을 하는 전사인자 는 peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ)와 CCAAT-enhancer-binding-protein α (C/EBPα)가 있으며[28], 이 전사 인자들의 발현 증가로 상호 전사 유도를 통한 지방의 축적, 합성, 수송에 관여하는 인자들의 발현이 증가되고, 에너 지를 과량 생산하게 되어 비만에 이를 수 있다[14]. 따라서 비 만 관련 대사성 질환들을 효과적으로 억제하기 위해서는 지방 세포 분화 과정에 관여하는 전사인자들의 발현을 억제하는 것이 중요하다. 한편, 염증반응은 활성화된 면역세포(macrophage)에 의해 일어나는 일련의 면역반응이다. 그러나 지속적인 염증반응은 오히려 점막손상을 촉진하고, 그 결과로 일부에서는 암과 같 은 질환을 유도하기도 한다. iNOS는 interferon-γ, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)와 같은 염증 유도 사이토카인에 노출 되면 혈관투과성, 부종 등의 염증반응을 촉진시키는 nitric oxide (NO)를 합성한다. COX-2는 arachidonic acid를 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)로 전환시키는 효소로 prostaglandin (PG) 류의 다양한 염증반응 매개체들을 생성한다[7, 37]. 최근 영양소나 대사물질의 공급이 과잉됨에 따라 발생하는 염증 반응에 대해 'meta-inflammation'이라는 용어를 사용함 으로써 비만과 함께 심혈관계 질환, 제 2형 당뇨병, 인슐린 저항성과 같은 질환을 면역 체계와 관련하여 대사 증후군의 범주에서 그 관계를 연구하는 활동이 활발히 진행되고 있다 [10]. Hotamisligil등[13]은 비만 쥐의 지방조직에서 TNF-α와 같은 염증성 사이토카인이 과도하게 증가한 것을 확인하였고, 3T3-L1 preadipocyte와 RAW 264.7 macrophage의 coculture 시 TNF-α, MCP-1, NO와 같은 염증 매개체의 분비가 증가한 다는 보고[31]들에 의해 비만에 의한 염증반응이 대사성 질환 의 주요한 원인으로 작용한다는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 비 만은 감염원 없이 진행되는 낮은 수준의 만성적 염증 상태
This study was carried out to develop a functional healthy drink using 60% ethanol of dried Acanthopanax senticosus stem extract (ASE). The preparation, physical activity, anti-oxidant activity, and sensory properties of ASE were investigated. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash contents of dried ASE were 6.50±0.12%, 5.89±0.16, 1.18±0.11, and 3.03±0.40, respectively. The 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was 87.42±1.63% at 1/10 folds diluted ASE. In total, 40 male ICR mice were divided into five groups including the control (PBS), positive control (Red ginseng 200 mg/kg/day), and ASE-treated groups at doses of 35, 70, and 140 mg/ kg/day for five weeks, respectively. ASE was administrated orally one time per day for five weeks before treadmill exercises, and normal and positive controls were fed PBS and red ginseng extract. In the treadmill test, ASE-treated mice (140 mg/kg/day) could run 1.4 times longer than the control mice. Healthy drinks were prepared with the addition of ASE at levels of 0.97% or 0.49% (A, B, and C type). Among the healthy drinks, the B type (ASE, 0.97%) was revealed to have the highest level of taste and overall acceptability through a sensory evaluation. The brix and pH of the ASE health drink (B type) were 14.9 and 4.51, respectively. These results indicated that the dried stem of Acanthopanax senticosus could be used as a functional material in the health drink industry.Keywords: Acanthopanax senticosus stem extract , exercise performance, health drink, quality characteristic † Authors contributed equally. *Corresponding author *Tel : +82-41-901-7249, Fax : +82-41-357-9474 *E-mail : match0217@ckdhc.com This is an Open-Acces s article distributed un der the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This study was performed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of methanol extract from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and their fractions on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistant gene regulation. The methanol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and their hexane fractions showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and MRSA. To observe the morphological change of MRSA according to the hexane fraction 80 μg/mL treatment, scanning electron microscope (SEM) of MRSA were measured. The results from SEM showed decreased number of bacteria, lysis and damaged cell wall. Expressions of MecA and penicillinase were substantially decreased in a dose-dependent manner on MRSA that had been treated with methanol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and their hexane fractions.
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