A b s t r a c tClassic genetic methods remain actual in practice and study of inheritance and heritability of the main commercial crop traits. Solanum lycopersicum L. genetics is well developed, but the special approach is necessary to solve special breeding tasks. Heritability analysis of the main traits in F 1 tomato progeny, which we have been carried out in 2009-2011, revealed some regularity to be further used in breeding practice. We first found that the main fruit yield parameters of Solanum lycopersicum L., the average fruit weight (h 2 = 0.99) and the average fruit number per plant (h 2 = 0.96), are inherited on the maternal side, and dwarfism (h 2 = 0.83) and early ripening (h 2 = 0.73) are inherited on the paternal side. Effectiveness of the target hybridization method developed earlier has been tested in this paper. Productive maternal plants with larger-sized fruits and early ripening dwarf paternal plants were involved in target crossings. F 1 hybrids and their F 2 progeny resulted from selfpollination of F 1 plants were produced. Analysis of dwarfism inheritance in three F 2 hybrid combinations using 2 criterion confirmed recessiveness of d gene. The tall plants and the dwarf plants of F 2 population segregated strictly by Mendel's low (3:1). By dispersion analysis of six parental forms and three hybrids, we selected the more productive plants with large fruit size among the dwarf plants, then obtained seed progeny of these plants and studied the heritability of two traits, the dwarfism and large fruit size, in the F 3 hybrids. It was found out that crossing between tall maternal plants with large fruit size and dwarf early ripening paternal plants resulted in lowering the plant height to that of dwarf father. This trait was maintained in F 3 that confirmed the correctness of conclusions have earlier been made by us. Heritability of average fruit weight on the maternal side also has been confirmed in F 3 progeny. In F 3 hybrids derived from crossing maternal plants Vspishka and Krainiy Sever with large fruit size the average fruit weight increased 2 times compared to the parental forms. This trait is maintained in progeny despite negative effects of d genes on some quantitative characteristics. Use of high productive maternal forms with small fruits size resulted in lowering average fruit weight in the hybrid progenies. So, dwarfism of Solanum lycopersicum L., desirable in multi circle hydroponic technology, is inherited on the parental side, and the fruit weigh is inherited on the maternal side. Thus, to obtain new tomato forms for multi circle hydroponics, the maternal plants with large fruit size and dwarf paternal forms should be crossed.
online) научно практический журнал о в о щ и р о с с и и № 6 ( 4 4 ) 2 0 1 8 I S S N 2 0 7 2 -9 1 4 6 ( P r i n t )[ 84 ] УДК 635.262:632.4(470.0)
The modern trend of vegetable crop breeding is a development of new cultivars and hybrids resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses and suitable for fully mechanized agriculture. It can provide the maximal commercial output and high profitability of vegetable growing. Pre-breeding is based on knowledge of impact of various abiotic factors on the yield and productivity of certain genotype in specific growing conditions. Traditionally the pepper plants are cultivated in greenhouses on low-volume soil or artificial medium with drop irrigation. Main advantage of low-volume technologies is a labor saving and improved phytosanitary conditions. In the present paper, the response of different sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes to various abiotic factors has been studied aiming at development of initial breeding material for new varieties and hybrids under the hydroponic system conditions. The investigation has been conducted in 2008-2014 in the All-Russian Research Institute for vegetable breeding and seed production (Moscow Province). The breeding and collection samples of sweet pepper as well as F 1 hybrid Raisa (standard) were used in the present study. Plants were grown in a greenhouse on sphagnum peat mixed with calcified substance as a potting substrate and mineral fertilizers. The concentration of nutrient solution for irrigation of seedlings conforms to the recommended standard. The growth conditions were partially controlled. The parameters of outside environment were recorded during growing period using an automated climate control system KISTOCK KH-100 (France). The soil temperature was also controlled. Yield sample characteristics and assessment were done by UPOV system (Union Internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales, France). The most adverse factores were recorded in the beginning (February-May) and the end (September-October) of growing season regardless of year of investigation, that resulted in decreasing marketability of the yield. The unmarketable part of yield was represented by fruits with excessive growth, deformation, and affected by blossom-end rot. Long-term screening of pepper genotypes on responsiveness to unfavorable factors of environment allowed to divide the cultivars into the following groups: susceptible (cv. Agapovskii), low-susceptible (cv. Elisa), and tolerant (cv. Zheltiyi buket). At hydroponics, productivity of the susceptible cultivar Agapovskiy was decreased up to 40 % as compared with the tolerant cultivar Zheltiyi buket. It was shown that adaptability of sweet pepper varieties to the conditions of lowcapacity hydroponics is defined by the norm of reaction to changes of environmental factors such as daily temperature, difference of night and day temperatures, humidity, and its combinations. Changes of the light intensity are not so crucial for cultivars productivity; it may have negative impact on varieties with low adaptability when combined with other environment parameters. The correlation between the rate of non-standard part of yield, the damage of f...
In the context of climate change phytomonitoring of the prevalence of the most common viral pathogens on the crops becomes even more important, because during the last decades the harmfulness of those pathogens, in particular Bean yellow mosaic (BYMV) has grown in intensity. The causative agent as the most members of Рotyvirus genus, has a wide range of host plants belonging to various families including Fabaceae. In Russia the virus was for the first time identified in the south of the Far East, where in the middle of XX century the massive damage of clove, lupine, sweet pea, pea, bean and Russian bean was observed. The distribution area of BYMV considerably expanded after advancement of heat-loving leguminous crops towards north. During the last years epiphytotics were reported in the planted crops of kidney bean (Phasйolus vulgбris L.), and Russian bean (Faba bona Medik. var. major Harz.) under conditions of temperate continental climate of nonchernozem belt in the RF. It is not feasible to eradicate natural BYMV foci, while the control of the causative agent carriers as a preventive measure is not very effective. There fore at present the search for the sources of resistance to BYMV and creation of parent selection material is a priority area of our phytopatologic research. At the present stage the tasks included: identification and study of the properties of BYMV Moscow isolates; integral assessment of resistance and other economically valuable characteristics of collection material and breeding stock material of kidney bean (810 specimens) and Russian bean (40 specimens) generated in the Laboratory of Legume Selection and Seed Production, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center”. To achieve the goal visual, serological diagnostic methods were used together with biotesting and electron microscopy. The research revealed special physical-chemical characteristics of BYMV Moscow isolates characterized by 100% harmfulness when occurred as co-infection with the other viruses. The main symptoms caused by the above isolates in indicator plants and host plants under conditions of Moscow Region have been described. Evaluation of collection and selection materials of kidney bean and Russian bean formed the basis for identification of the sources of resistance to BYMV exhibiting integrated economically valuable properties (early ripeness, bean shape and color, productivity, etc.). These specimens have been included into selection program of the Federal Research Vegetable Center which is aimed on creation of high-productive varieties of the kidney bean meeting the modern market demands.
Relevance. Doubled haploids (DH-plants) are excellent material for genetic research and breeding due to their complete homozygosity. The genus Raphanus from the Brassicaceae family is the toughest to produce doubled haploid plants through isolated microspore culture in vitro (IMC). The study of the causes of disturbed root formation and the development of elements of this stage of technology will significantly increase the effectiveness of the IMC technology for European radish.Methods. The study included three varieties from the collection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI FSVC): Teplichny Gribovsky, Rozovo-krasniy s belim konchikom and Rhodes. The experiments used a standard protocol for obtaining DH plants using IMC technology in a standard form and with a modification of the rooting stage. The solid MS medium (with agar 7g/L): MS without hormones, MS medium supplemented with IAA at concentrations of 0.5; 1 and 2 mg / L and liquid MSm medium supplemented with 0.1 mg / L kinetin were used for rooting of regenerated plants. All media were supplemented with 20 g/L sucrose. We used three types of techniques for transplanting plant explants onto a solid hormonefree MS medium: planting micro-shoots with their basal part immersed by 2-3 mm into the medium; planting in a well made in a nutrient medium using tweezers under sterile conditions; and landing on the surface of the medium without embedment.Results. In this work, we studied the features of the stage of rooting of regenerated European radish plants in vitro conditions. The transplant technique has been proven to be important for the successful establishment of radish micro-shoots. Plant explants must be planted strictly on the surface of a solid hormone-free nutrient medium MS, without embedment. The use of tubes with bridges made of filter paper and MSm liquid medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/L kinetin for the induction of root formation also showed high efficiency. For plants prone to the formation of root-like structures (RLS) with secondary tumors (ST), multiple dissection of abnormal formations with successive transplants is necessary. Modification at the rooting stage of micro-shoots growing has increased the percentage of successfully adapted DH plants in vivo conditions from 0-14% to 95-98%.
н а у ч н о п р а к т и ч е с к и й ж у р н а л [ 7 ] о в о щ и р о с с и и № 2 (3 5) 2 0 1 7
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