Introduction: The small intestine of albino rats is a transitive canal between the stomach and the cecum that is closely located from each other, reaches a length of one meter, which in comparison ratio to body weight significantly exceeds the corresponding segment in humans. The aim: The paper is aimed at thorough histological study of the wall and structure of albino rats’ small intestine mucosa. Materials and methods: 30 mature albino male rats were involved into the study. The specimens of albino rats’ small intestine, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, have been studied. The study was carried out using conventional histological methods for obtaining serial paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Epoxy plastination of individual tissue samples of the small intestine was performed. Subsequently, polished thin sections were made, stained with 1% methylene blue and 1% borax solution. The obtained specimens were studied on the “Konus” light microscope equipped with Sigeta DCM-900 9.0MP digital microphoto attachment with the Biorex 3 software adapted for studies of such type. Results and conclusions: For the first time in the practice of histological study of the epithelial covering of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, attention is drawn to the specific pattern of its organization on the intestinal villi. It has been found that epithelial covering consists of alternating cluster epithelial aggregations separated by fissured depressions. Since no mentioning about them has been found in the publication, these cluster aggregations of enterocytes can be called epithelial buds of the intestinal villi. Consequently, it can be concluded that with the exception of some specific morphological features, the small intestine of albino rats is homologous to human one by its histological structure, which means that it can be used as a model for various experimental studies.

The largest concentration of the local immune system in the form of the nodular associations of the lymphoid tissue with the epithelium of the mucous membranes (tonsils, single lymphoid nodules and their aggregations, named Peyer’s patches) is located in the gut. The paper is aimed at the study of the quantitative and planimetric correlations between the Peyer’s patches and the area of the small intestine of white rats based on the visual assessment and comparative analysis of some metric values. The study was conducted on 60 white male rats, which were assigned into 2 groups of 30 animals: after the morning feeding (controls) and after a daily fasting. After the removal made in advance, the gut-associated complexes have been studied from the stomach to the cecum. The resulting experimental data have been processed on a personal computer using the EXCEL 2010 (Microsoft Excel Corp., USA) software. No significant difference in the diameter and length of the small intestine of white rats of the first and second groups was found. The total area of the small intestine wall in the control group ranged from 8666 mm2 to 20724 mm2, and from 8496 mm2 to 20573 mm2 in group II (after a daily fasting), ranking equally. Thickness parameters of the small intestine in two groups of animals were almost similar in its unchanged, within the limits of individual variability, longitudinal length. To conduct an accurate quantitative and planimetric analysis of the aggregated lymphoid nodules of the white rat’s small intestine, it was advisable to distinguish 3 groups, namely: small-, medium- and large-sized. Thus, their total number varies from 12 to 28 units. Among them 8 to 17 units (on the average of 12.60±0.400) were small-sized, 2 to 11 (5.800±0.500) were medium-sized, and the large ones were not always found. For example, in the studied samples, they were absent in 6 animals, whereas 1 to 5 units were presented in the rest of animals. The area of single small Peyer’s patches ranged from 1.570 to 9.800 mm2, and their total area was 64.90±2.900 mm2; the area of medium samples individually ranges from 10.60 to 27.50 mm2. Totally, they occupy an average area of 97.60±8.00 mm2. The same value of individual large aggregated nodules is between 31.40 and 60.40 mm2, which totally accounted on the average of 58.40±10.30 mm2. Thus, the average statistical value of the total areas of Peyer’s patches is 220.9±14.40 mm2, accounting for only 2% of the total area of the small intestine wall of white rats, not including single lymphoid nodules, not exceeding 1 mm.

The aim: To study the features of morphoethiopathogenesis of acute appendicitis and the consequences after appendectomy. Materials and methods: 10 preparations of human appendix were studied, from which 5 appendixes were normal in people who died in adulthood and old age and 5 processes were taken intraoperatively during appendectomy. Morphometric characteristics of the tissue structures of the preparations were compared with the systematic review data, the literature search by the following keywords: morphoethiopathy”, “vermiform process”, “lymphoepithelial formations”, “digestive system”, “lymphoid nodule”, “Peyer’s patches”, “mucous membrane”. Results: Pathogenesis of acute appendicitis – it is a consistent, staged process that is completely subject to the laws of exudative inflammation in response to microbial aggression. Removal of the appendicular process should be approached carefully and based on possible immunological consequences. Removal of the appendix as an immunocompetent organ Unreasonable removal of pathohistological unchanged appendix has medical consequences (can lead to consequences such as colon cancer) and not only. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the vermiform appendix retains its active function throughout human life. The study provides an overview with current knowledge about the etiology, pathogenesis and possible consequences of appendectomy as the main method of treatment of acute appendicitis. The search for ways to prevent appendicitis can be successful only by finding out the causes and factors that in some individuals cause the inability of the appendix to resist bacterial invasion. Appendix is necessary to fully support the immune responses of the digestive tract, but it belongs to the category of those organs, the loss of which during forced surgery does not cause significant damage to the body.

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The greater omentum is now recognized as an important organ in the fight against intra-abdominal infections, so it is often called the “policeman of the peritoneal cavity”. The greater omentum plays the most important role in the implementation of immune supervision of the antigenic condition of the peritoneal fluid and rapid response of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, which is often complicated by inflammation of the peritoneum – peritonitis. The purpose of the work was to study the peculiarities of the structure of the greater omentum of white rats and its role in peritonitis by means of a bibliographic analysis of the literature. Materials and methods. This bibliographic analysis is based on published articles, books, textbooks, monographs and dissertation abstracts. For the purposes of this systematic review, a literature search was carried out in the worldwide Internet, domestic sources of literature, scientific and electronic library of Poltava State Medical University using the following key words: “morphology”, “comparative anatomy”, “greater omentum”, “greater omentum of the rats”, “immune system”, “white rats”, “laboratory animals”, “rat anatomy”, “peritonitis”. Results and discussion. The greater omentum of white rats and humans are represented by two different structures: translucent membranous regions and regions rich in adipose tissue. According to the literature, the greater omentum of white rats is the main morphological characteristic (in miniature), homologous to the human one. The main function of the greater omentum, according to the opinion of many authors and ours too, is immunity. Immune structures of the greater omentum of white rats are represented by lymphoid nodules, known in the literature as milky spots, most of which are located near arteries and veins. In pathological conditions, the greater omentum acquires absolutely special properties, such as plasticity, the ability to fuse with a traumatic and inflamed surface, the ability to hemostasis and phagocytosis, the ability to germinate and revascularize, to absorb fluids and microparticles from the peritoneal cavity, and the ability to the immunological response. Conclusion. According to the literature, the greater omentum of white rats is a miniature likeness of the greater omentum of a person. However, unlike the latter, it consists of only one duplication of the visceral peritoneum, between the leaves of which there are blood vessels with deposits of adipose tissue and milk spots. Thus, the greater omentum of white rats is a perfectly acceptable object of experimental research with the subsequent legitimate extrapolation of their results to humans. The greater omentum occupies a central place in the peritoneal defense mechanisms due to its innate immune function, high absorbing capacity, and ability to attach to neighboring structures to close defects of abdominal organs and promote their healing, due to its expressive angiogenic activity

Introduction: The stomach and small intestine are important organs of the digestive system and, to date, they are the subject of research by morphologists, endocrinologists, immunologists, gastroenterologists, and other researchers. The aim: The paper is aimed at the study and systematization of the features of angioarchitecture of the albino rats stomach and small intestine. Materials and methods: The study based on the injection of the blood vasculature of abdominal organs of 20 albino male rats with 5% gelatin solution, colored with filtered black ink, was performed. The specimens were subject to photographing from different aspect angles in their original state, and then, after dehydration in alcohols with the transition to pure acetone, they were embedded in the epoxy. Photographing of the obtained specimens was made by a digital camera, as well as a binocular magnifier MBS-9, equipped with a digital photoattachment Sigeta DCM-900 9.0MP. Results and conclusions: The results of injecting of blood vasculature of albino rats’ gastrointestinal tract with ink mass clearly demonstrate the specific difference in the intraorganic angioarchitecture of its different regions, which depends entirely on their functional purpose in the digestive process. In the stomach, the highest concentration of blood microvessels is in its glandular part, which is explained by the increased nutrient needs of the secretory process of the gastric glands, while the mucous membrane of its fundus (pre-stomach) contains a scattered network of exchange microvessels that only promote the process of regeneration of the stratified squamous (partially keratinized) covering epithelium. In the small intestine, the typical principle of the organization of the microvasculature of its mucous membrane is somewhat modified in the duodenum, which is associated with the presence of mucous (Brunner’s) glands in it, as well as in those sites (starting from the duodenum) where the group lymph nodes (Peyer’s patches) are localized.

The aim: The aim of the study is to investigate and describe eponymous terms of angioarchitectonics of the human head and to determine their features and possibilities of their functioning in modern medical terminology. Materials and methods: The work uses general philosophical and general scientific research methods: dialectical, historical-chronological, bibliographic-descriptive, analytical, etc. This bibliographic analysis is based on published peer-reviewed articles, books, textbooks, monographs. The search period covered the period from 2010 to 2021. Conclusions: The study of eponymous terms contributes to the disclosure of the evolution of clinical disciplines, the diagnostic process of thinking, as well as the formation of terminological competence in applicants for higher medical education, their mastery of the language of the specialty.

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