Introduction: The small intestine of albino rats is a transitive canal between the stomach and the cecum that is closely located from each other, reaches a length of one meter, which in comparison ratio to body weight significantly exceeds the corresponding segment in humans. The aim: The paper is aimed at thorough histological study of the wall and structure of albino rats’ small intestine mucosa. Materials and methods: 30 mature albino male rats were involved into the study. The specimens of albino rats’ small intestine, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, have been studied. The study was carried out using conventional histological methods for obtaining serial paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Epoxy plastination of individual tissue samples of the small intestine was performed. Subsequently, polished thin sections were made, stained with 1% methylene blue and 1% borax solution. The obtained specimens were studied on the “Konus” light microscope equipped with Sigeta DCM-900 9.0MP digital microphoto attachment with the Biorex 3 software adapted for studies of such type. Results and conclusions: For the first time in the practice of histological study of the epithelial covering of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, attention is drawn to the specific pattern of its organization on the intestinal villi. It has been found that epithelial covering consists of alternating cluster epithelial aggregations separated by fissured depressions. Since no mentioning about them has been found in the publication, these cluster aggregations of enterocytes can be called epithelial buds of the intestinal villi. Consequently, it can be concluded that with the exception of some specific morphological features, the small intestine of albino rats is homologous to human one by its histological structure, which means that it can be used as a model for various experimental studies.
The largest concentration of the local immune system in the form of the nodular associations of the lymphoid tissue with the epithelium of the mucous membranes (tonsils, single lymphoid nodules and their aggregations, named Peyer’s patches) is located in the gut. The paper is aimed at the study of the quantitative and planimetric correlations between the Peyer’s patches and the area of the small intestine of white rats based on the visual assessment and comparative analysis of some metric values. The study was conducted on 60 white male rats, which were assigned into 2 groups of 30 animals: after the morning feeding (controls) and after a daily fasting. After the removal made in advance, the gut-associated complexes have been studied from the stomach to the cecum. The resulting experimental data have been processed on a personal computer using the EXCEL 2010 (Microsoft Excel Corp., USA) software. No significant difference in the diameter and length of the small intestine of white rats of the first and second groups was found. The total area of the small intestine wall in the control group ranged from 8666 mm2 to 20724 mm2, and from 8496 mm2 to 20573 mm2 in group II (after a daily fasting), ranking equally. Thickness parameters of the small intestine in two groups of animals were almost similar in its unchanged, within the limits of individual variability, longitudinal length. To conduct an accurate quantitative and planimetric analysis of the aggregated lymphoid nodules of the white rat’s small intestine, it was advisable to distinguish 3 groups, namely: small-, medium- and large-sized. Thus, their total number varies from 12 to 28 units. Among them 8 to 17 units (on the average of 12.60±0.400) were small-sized, 2 to 11 (5.800±0.500) were medium-sized, and the large ones were not always found. For example, in the studied samples, they were absent in 6 animals, whereas 1 to 5 units were presented in the rest of animals. The area of single small Peyer’s patches ranged from 1.570 to 9.800 mm2, and their total area was 64.90±2.900 mm2; the area of medium samples individually ranges from 10.60 to 27.50 mm2. Totally, they occupy an average area of 97.60±8.00 mm2. The same value of individual large aggregated nodules is between 31.40 and 60.40 mm2, which totally accounted on the average of 58.40±10.30 mm2. Thus, the average statistical value of the total areas of Peyer’s patches is 220.9±14.40 mm2, accounting for only 2% of the total area of the small intestine wall of white rats, not including single lymphoid nodules, not exceeding 1 mm.
The aim: To study the features of morphoethiopathogenesis of acute appendicitis and the consequences after appendectomy. Materials and methods: 10 preparations of human appendix were studied, from which 5 appendixes were normal in people who died in adulthood and old age and 5 processes were taken intraoperatively during appendectomy. Morphometric characteristics of the tissue structures of the preparations were compared with the systematic review data, the literature search by the following keywords: morphoethiopathy”, “vermiform process”, “lymphoepithelial formations”, “digestive system”, “lymphoid nodule”, “Peyer’s patches”, “mucous membrane”. Results: Pathogenesis of acute appendicitis – it is a consistent, staged process that is completely subject to the laws of exudative inflammation in response to microbial aggression. Removal of the appendicular process should be approached carefully and based on possible immunological consequences. Removal of the appendix as an immunocompetent organ Unreasonable removal of pathohistological unchanged appendix has medical consequences (can lead to consequences such as colon cancer) and not only. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the vermiform appendix retains its active function throughout human life. The study provides an overview with current knowledge about the etiology, pathogenesis and possible consequences of appendectomy as the main method of treatment of acute appendicitis. The search for ways to prevent appendicitis can be successful only by finding out the causes and factors that in some individuals cause the inability of the appendix to resist bacterial invasion. Appendix is necessary to fully support the immune responses of the digestive tract, but it belongs to the category of those organs, the loss of which during forced surgery does not cause significant damage to the body.
The aim: The aim of the study is to investigate and describe eponymous terms of angioarchitectonics of the human head and to determine their features and possibilities of their functioning in modern medical terminology. Materials and methods: The work uses general philosophical and general scientific research methods: dialectical, historical-chronological, bibliographic-descriptive, analytical, etc. This bibliographic analysis is based on published peer-reviewed articles, books, textbooks, monographs. The search period covered the period from 2010 to 2021. Conclusions: The study of eponymous terms contributes to the disclosure of the evolution of clinical disciplines, the diagnostic process of thinking, as well as the formation of terminological competence in applicants for higher medical education, their mastery of the language of the specialty.
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