The results of our own and foreign studies have shown the absence of sensitizing properties of terephthalic acid, and therefore there was a need to review the current hygienic standard – MAC – in the air of the working area and change the hazard class of the substance. The materials of the German Research Community (DFG) were used for substantiation of MAC. Recommended MAC in the air of working area is set at 5 mg/m3 (maximum single), a mixture of vapors and aerosol, hazard class 3.
The article presents an overview of current issues of international regulation of the content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic) in food. Special attention is paid to the revision of the standards for the content of arsenic in rice, mercury in some types of fish, cadmium in chocolate, lead in meat, offal, and wine. A comparative analysis of the standards -permissible levels of content of heavy metals in food products in the EU and the Russian Federation is carried out.
Currently, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has no hygienic standards in the air of the working area and objects of the human environment in the Russian Federation. By the decision of the Stockholm Convention SC-9/12, PFOA, its salts and derivatives are included in Part I of Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2019 (with exceptions for possible use). The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade included PFOA, its salts and derivatives in the list of potential candidates for inclusion in Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention at the next meeting COP10 in 2021. The use of this chemical on the territory of the Russian Federation entails water and air pollution. Industrial emissions and waste water from fluoropolymer production, thermal use of materials and products containing polytetrafluoroethylene, biological and atmospheric degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols, waste water from treatment facilities are the sources of the release of PFOA into the environment. Analysis of international databases has showed that PFOA is standardized in the air of the working area in Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. In the countries of the European Union, as well as the USA and Canada, the issue of PFOA standardizing in drinking water is being now actively under discuss. Taking into account the high toxicity and hazard of the substance and the serious concern of the civil society of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing requested the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances to develop MACs for perfluorooctanoic acid in the air of the working area and water as soon as possible. The MACs for PFOA have been proposed using risk analysis: 0,005 mg/m3, aerosol, hazard class 1 – in the air of the working area and 0,0002 mg/L, the limiting hazard indicator – sanitary-toxicological, hazard class 1 – in the water.
The article presents approaches to the assessment of toxicity, hazard and hygienic regulation and hazard of low stable substances - chlorosilanes: trimethylchlorosilane, trichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane. Their toxicity is determined by the main product of the transformation - hydrochloride. The presence of specific and long-term effects is associated with the toxic properties of transformation products. Control of these substances in the air of the working area and in the objects of human environment is recommended to be carried out on the product of transformation - hydrochloride.
Introduction. Today in the world, along with mutagens, carcinogens, reprotoxicants, chemicals that affect the endocrine system are of serious concern. Therefore, the purpose of our research was the scientific substantiation of the national list of endocrine disruptors. Materials and methods. In order to create a national list of substances that have an effect on the endocrine system, for the selection of candidate substances, an analysis of legislation and lists of potential endocrine disruptors of the European Union, the USA, Canada, and India was made. All substances were identified by CAS numbers, areas of application and classified according to the degree of danger to the endocrine system. Results. The draft list of endocrine disruptors circulating in the Russian Federation includes 494 chemicals used in medicine, agriculture, chemical, food, perfume and cosmetic industries. There are 19 substances in class 1A (known endocrine disruptor), 193 substances in class 1B (probable endocrine disruptor), 250 substances in class 2 (suspected endocrine disruptors), and 32 substances in class 3 (endocrine disruptors). Conclusion. On the territory of the Russian Federation in various areas of the economy, chemicals that destroy the endocrine system are widely used. Of particular concern is the use of endocrine disruptors of hazard class 1B in perfumery, cosmetics and food products.
Introduction. Replacing hazardous substances with less hazardous ones is a basic principle of any good chemical risk management. At the first stage of scientific research on the development of a national concept for the replacement of highly hazardous chemicals in the composition of products (food, synthetic detergents and household chemicals, pesticides, paints and varnishes, basic chemicals) with safer analogues, the purpose of the research was: •to study international and domestic approaches to the organization of monitoring and regulation of substances highly hazardous to human health and the environment; •analysis, selection and scientific substantiation of criteria for selecting chemicals for their replacement with safer analogues. Materials and methods. materials, used for the analysis were the literature sources from the bibliographic databases Web of Science, MedLine, EMBASE, Global Health, PubMed, Scopus, RSCI. The guidelines and recommendations of the OECD, WHO, ILO, FAO, UNEP on the organization and implementation of monitoring of highly hazardous chemicals in environmental objects have been studied and analyzed. A number of international agreements are considered, which are based on criteria for prohibiting or restricting the use of substances on the market that cause an unacceptable risk. Results. An analysis of international approaches to the sound management of chemicals has shown that the identification of causal relationships between health and/or environmental conditions and exposure to a chemical factor is a trigger for the concept of substitution. In this regard, the tools and databases of socio-hygienic monitoring carried out by Rospotrebnadzor can serve as the basis for identifying highly hazardous substances that require management decisions to be made to ban, restrict circulation and replace them with safe analogues. The study of foreign and domestic materials on the selection of priority criteria for identifying substances of greatest concern for the purpose of risk assessment and further regulation showed that the following indicators are the main ones: •biological activity (carcinogens, mutagens, GHS class 1A and 1B reprotoxicants, endocrine disruptors), •stability in the environment, •bioaccumulative potential (bioconcentration factor BCF >2000, partition coefficient n-octanol/water Log Kow ≥ 4), •the possibility of cross-media transfer (air, water flows), •toxicity to representatives of aquatic biota (acute and chronic toxicity of hazard class 1 in accordance with GHS), •production volumes (volumes of emissions and discharges), •number of contacts.
Introduction. In recent years, due to the stricter requirements for compliance with the provisions of the Rotterdam Convention, the volume of export notifications on the permission to import dangerous chemicals into the Russian Federation has increased significantly. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to analyze the nomenclature, volume, toxicity and danger of industrial chemicals and pesticides entering the Russian market, despite prohibitions or restrictions on their use at the international and national levels. Materials and methods. The materials used are applications for the import of chemical products (export notifications) of the National Designated authorities of the European Union, China, Great Britain, Serbia to the Russian Register of Potentially Dangerous Chemical and Biological Substances-a branch of the Federal State Scientific Research Center named after F.F. Erisman - in the period from 2018 to 2020. The year 2019 was considered in the most detail. Results and discussion. The analysis of applications showed an ever-increasing number of chemical supplies; for example, 130 notifications were received in 2018, 539 in 2019, and 565 in 2020. In 2019, the number of tin compounds prevailed in the nomenclature of imported products to the territory of the Russian Federation. As for the substances from Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention, most of the imported chemicals by tonnage were substances included in this document - 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB), carbofuran, ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), which are imported for industrial use, and not for use as pesticides, as they are declared in the convention. Chemicals and pesticides imported into the country under the PIC procedure, with the exception of numerous derivatives of dibutyl - and dioctyltin, creosote, have an established hygienic standard in at least one human habitat. In most cases, they are assigned to hazard classes 1 and 2 according to the maximum permissible concentration. Conclusion. Chemical products that are highly dangerous for human health and the environment, which are banned or severely restricted in many states, caused specific and long-term effects on the body, and having high toxicity to natural biota are used in the Russian Federation economy. In this regard, there is a need to develop regulatory decisions at the national level and within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Commission on the prohibition or restriction of the circulation of substances and pesticides characterized by an unacceptable risk of exposure.
Currently, the environmental problem of the eutrophication of water bodies caused by anthropogenic factors and to the greatest extent pollution by synthetic detergents with a high phosphorus content is becoming increasingly acute. The amount of phosphorus entering the water bodies from synthetic detergents is 95% of its total amount. The rapid development of algae and the «blooming of water» lead to an increase in the population of cyanobacteria capable of releasing toxins that are dangerous to humans, including hepato-, neuro- and cytotoxins. In order to minimize phosphate pollution of water bodies, the world community is actively replacing phosphoruscontaining compounds in synthetic detergents with phosphate-free ones. This was reflected in the proposals of Rospotrebnadzor in terms of toughening the requirements to the content of phosphates in detergents in draft EAEU TR «On the safety of synthetic detergents and household chemical goods», setting them at 0.5%. Manufacturers and regulators in four EAEU States, with the exception of the Republic of Kazakhstan, supported the proposed value. In addition, in order to regulate the cyanotoxin’s content the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances of Rospotrebnadzor recommended setting the microcystin-LR MAC in the water for domestic, drinking and cultural purposes and drinking water at a level of 0.001 mg/L, a limiting indicator of harmfulness - sanitary-toxicological, hazard class 1.
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