Introduction. Waste management, including hazardous waste, is one of the issues that are regulated at the level of the European Union with the help of Directives that are binding on all EU member states. Various EU Waste Directives have been approved since 1975, and in 2008 the fundamental EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives) was adopted, which describes the waste management policy, defines the classification of waste and methods for their processing and disposal. Material and methods. When preparing the review, legal documents (in particular, Directives, EU Regulations in the field of waste management) and guidelines for practical waste management in the EU were used. Results and discussions. The review presents a methodology for classifying waste, dividing it into non-hazardous and hazardous. Hazard codes and classes, threshold values, i.e. criteria for classifying waste as hazardous. Conclusion. At the stage of analysis of European legislation concerning waste management, the EU pays special attention to the classification of waste as an important tool for differentiating their flow and planning the management of their individual types. The main principle of classification is the differentiation of waste according to the degree of danger to the environment and humans, which allows minimizing their negative impact.
Introduction. The world practice of classifying wastes according to the degree of danger involves the simultaneous consideration of the physicochemical, toxic and ecotoxic properties of the waste components. According to Directive 2008/98/EC, waste is divided into hazardous, non-hazardous and mirror, i.e. waste that can be classified as hazardous or non-hazardous depending on the percentage of components. In order to implement part 2 of subparagraph "d" of paragraph 1 of the list of instructions of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 24, 2017 No. Pr-140GS on the harmonization of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and the development of unified approaches to the classification of waste with taking into account the world experience Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances together with the Federal state budgetary institution "Ural state research institute of regional environmental problems", carried out research work to identify wastes with carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic properties. The aim of the study was to prepare lists of substances contained in production and consumption waste that have a carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic effects, indicating the forms and preferred route of entry into the body, and develop a methodology for coding waste by hazardous factors. Materials and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign normative-legal acts on the regulation of waste hazards has been carried out. Results. A method for coding production and consumption wastes has been developed, taking into account carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic effects. The 905 of the 6130 wastes included in the FWC were coded according to these types of hazard, which requires a revision of their classification. Conclusion. The introduction of the developed coding methodology into the practice of waste management will make it possible to harmonize the classifications of wastes according to their impact on human health and the environment. Coding is an effective tool for waste management regulation, including disposal, recycling and reuse.
Introduction. Determination of low concentrations of lead in paint and varnishes is one of the actual problems in ensuring the safety of these products. The requirements set out in the draft Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union «on the Safety of Paint and Coating Materials» for a standard of 0.009% lead on a dry weight basis stipulate the availability of precision methods for determining lead in paint and varnishes with low detection limits. Materials and methods. Nine different types of paint samples were selected as test objects. The study was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation with pre-microwave sample preparation. Paint samples were preliminarily applied on a sheet of sanded FC plywood, dried and taken from the surface with a spatula in the form of fine shavings. The absolutely dry chips were microwaved, centrifuged to separate the undecomposed sludge and analysed. The efficiency of the developed approach was proven by validating the method on 20 model samples of one of the paint types investigated. Results. Validation of the proposed method of lead determination in paints gave satisfactory results in terms of recovery rate and repeatability, so it can be concluded that the method is suitable for the solution of the posed analytical problem. Having analysed the results obtained by measuring lead content in 9 samples of paint products according to the proposed scheme in the described methodology, one can make a confident conclusion about the absence of exceeding the maximum permissible lead content, considering the expected reduction of the standard to 0.009%. Conclusion. The usage of the proposed method will make it possible to successfully control the lead content in paintwork materials at levels that comply with international standards and, in the long term, ensure that the requirements of the Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union «on the Safety of Paint and Coating Materials» are met in terms of reducing the regulatory indicator to 0.009%.
Introduction. Replacing hazardous substances with less hazardous ones is a basic principle of any good chemical risk management. At the first stage of scientific research on the development of a national concept for the replacement of highly hazardous chemicals in the composition of products (food, synthetic detergents and household chemicals, pesticides, paints and varnishes, basic chemicals) with safer analogues, the purpose of the research was: •to study international and domestic approaches to the organization of monitoring and regulation of substances highly hazardous to human health and the environment; •analysis, selection and scientific substantiation of criteria for selecting chemicals for their replacement with safer analogues. Materials and methods. materials, used for the analysis were the literature sources from the bibliographic databases Web of Science, MedLine, EMBASE, Global Health, PubMed, Scopus, RSCI. The guidelines and recommendations of the OECD, WHO, ILO, FAO, UNEP on the organization and implementation of monitoring of highly hazardous chemicals in environmental objects have been studied and analyzed. A number of international agreements are considered, which are based on criteria for prohibiting or restricting the use of substances on the market that cause an unacceptable risk. Results. An analysis of international approaches to the sound management of chemicals has shown that the identification of causal relationships between health and/or environmental conditions and exposure to a chemical factor is a trigger for the concept of substitution. In this regard, the tools and databases of socio-hygienic monitoring carried out by Rospotrebnadzor can serve as the basis for identifying highly hazardous substances that require management decisions to be made to ban, restrict circulation and replace them with safe analogues. The study of foreign and domestic materials on the selection of priority criteria for identifying substances of greatest concern for the purpose of risk assessment and further regulation showed that the following indicators are the main ones: •biological activity (carcinogens, mutagens, GHS class 1A and 1B reprotoxicants, endocrine disruptors), •stability in the environment, •bioaccumulative potential (bioconcentration factor BCF >2000, partition coefficient n-octanol/water Log Kow ≥ 4), •the possibility of cross-media transfer (air, water flows), •toxicity to representatives of aquatic biota (acute and chronic toxicity of hazard class 1 in accordance with GHS), •production volumes (volumes of emissions and discharges), •number of contacts.
Introduction. For the treatment of agricultural crops, an original herbicide of selective action was created - propisochlor, a derivative of chloroacetanilide. Its characteristics in an acute toxicological experiment didn’t reveal the features of the pathogenesis of intoxication. The identification of regularities in the manifestation of the toxic properties of propisochlor in various regimens with the oral route of exposure is necessary at the stage of production design. Moreover, it is necessary to substantiate a number of hygienic regulations for safe production and its further application in agriculture, which lies in the plane of solving the leading state tasks aimed at protecting human health and its environment, and meets the requirements of international legislation. A special role in the development of such methods and methods belongs to the sanitary-toxicological study of new xenobiotics and generic molecules, as a result of which threshold and subthreshold doses of pesticide preparations and their active substances are determined. The aim of this study was to characterize propisochlor in a chronic oral toxicology study in rats. To achieve the goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to study the chronic oral effect of the chloroacetanilide derivative on the rat organism; establish a dose that does not have a visible undesirable effect (NOELch); set the lowest dose at which no adverse effects are observed (LOAELch); calculate the allowable daily intake, or allowable daily exposure (ADD, or ADI, or PDE) for a person. Material and methods. The object of testing in this work was a herbicide from the class of chloroacetanilide, propisochlor. The test system in the chronic experiment was white male rats, on which the influence of the test compound was evaluated in dynamics after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months according to the state of integral indicators. Results. The parameters of the oral toxicity of the test compound were determined and the changes in the studied integral indicators were evaluated at various stages of the experiment in a chronic experiment. Conclusion. Based on the comparative characterization of a new herbicide propisochlor in a chronic oral toxicology study in rats, a non-acting dose (NOEL), the lowest effective dose (LOAEL), and an acceptable daily dose for humans (ADI, or PDE) are justified.
Introduction. In 2019-2020 as part of the implementation of the “regulatory guillotine” mechanism, there was revised or canceled a number of regulatory requirements including those related to the rationing of various types of water. The purpose of the work was to eliminate outdated requirements that do not meet modern conditions for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being in the field of water use of the population. Materials and methods. The research materials in the field of hygienic regulation of waters were sanitary rules and norms for drinking, domestic and cultural water use, maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) and approximate permissible levels (APL) of chemicals in the water of water bodies for domestic drinking and cultural water use. Results. There were approved two interrelated documents including SanPiN 2.1.3684-21 and SanPiN 1.2.3685-21, in which the requirements for the main types of water are systematized. The revised and updated documents exclude provisions of a descriptive nature, methods and technologies for implementing mandatory requirements. A distinctive feature of the hygienic requirements for water was the use of the error value of the method for determining substances in assessing the compliance of pollution levels with hygienic standards. Hence, the requirement for metrological support of determination methods is mandatory. The standards included in SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 are harmonized considering international data, including WHO, and health risk assessment. On the base of these approaches in section III, concerning water hygiene standards, twenty one standard was harmonized by chemical factor, of which 7 were modified, 5 standards were added considering WHO recommendations, 8 - considering EU recommendations (hormones and antibiotics), 1 - considering recommendations of Uniform sanitary rules of EurAZEU, standards of 69 pesticide active ingredients that are listed in Section IX containing pesticide guidelines were excluded. In addition, the list of APLs includes standards for 9 new substances that were reviewed and approved by the Commission on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation. Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the fact that the changes and additions made to the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for various types of waters are not exhaustive and can be revised as the standards of new substances, data on the toxicity and danger of standardized compounds, modern water treatment technologies and expansion of water uses become available. Conclusion. The implementation of the principles of elimination of excessive regulation and harmonization of standards with international requirements made it possible to unify the system of hygienic standards for various types of water.
Introduction. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has developed the QSAR Toolbox software, which allows predicting the properties of chemicals including (eco)toxic based on the structure of the substance using mathematical statistics methods. The purpose of this work was to study the applicability of the OECD QSAR Toolbox software for calculating the acute aquatic toxicity parameters (LC50 and EC50) of chemicals necessary, for example, to determine the hazard class of chemical products according to GOST 32419-2013 “Classification of chemical products. General requirements” or to prepare a safety data sheet for products. Materials and methods. The OECD QSAR Toolbox software version 4.4.1 (current for August 2021), documents, manuals and webinars of the OECD, the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), the Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry of the University of Burgas, Bulgaria (the main software developer), articles. Discussion of the results. The OECD QSAR Toolbox software version 4.4.1 allows calculating the acute aquatic toxicity parameters (LC50, EC50) of chemicals using trend analysis and read across, as well as automated and standardized workflows. About 50 chemicals with experimental data of LC50 and EC50 belonging to different hazard classes according to GOST 32419-2013, with different functional groups in the structure of the molecule, were selected for testing. Calculated values of LC50 and EC50 of chemicals were compared with the experimental data. Conclusion. The OECD QSAR Toolbox software version 4.1.1 can be successfully used to calculate the acute toxicity parameters LC50, Pimephales promelas, 96 h; LC50 (EC50), Actinopterygii, 96 h and LC50, Daphnia magna, 48 h for a wide range of organic compounds, but is not applicable for inorganic substances, organometallic compounds, polymer molecules, chemicals containing metal ions.
Introduction. The introduction of new chemical products to the market requires a preliminary assessment of their danger to human health and the environment, including specific and long-term effects. Taking into account the medical and social significance of the consequences of exposure to chemicals with a mutagenic effect on the body, the study of genotoxicity / mutagenicity seems to be extremely relevant. In order to reduce the number of experiments performed on animals, calculation methods are being actively introduced into toxicological practice, in particular OECD QSAR Toolbox software. Therefore, the aim of our research was to study the possibility of using the OECD QSAR Toolbox software to predict the mutagenic effects of chemicals. Material and methods. OECD QSAR Toolbox software version 4.4.1., OECD guidelines on the assessment of the mutagenic effect. Results and discussion. We have developed the “Guidelines for predicting the mutagenic effects of chemicals”, which includes a detailed description and work with the program when predicting the mutagenic effects of chemicals. Based on the analysis of OECD documents on the assessment of the mutagenic potential of chemicals, seven most widely used tests were selected, which allow evaluating the effect on various test objects in the presence / absence of metabolic activation systems. For methods, indicators were selected that must be set to start the calculation in the QSAR Toolbox software. The most suitable databases and profilers were also indentified. Conclusion. Forecasting using the OECD QSAR Toolbox software is a screening method that involves performing several calculations using the results of various experimental studies for analogs, and subsequent expert interpretation of the data obtained.
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