Approaches of European to the regulation of waste management (review)

Abstract

Introduction. Waste management, including hazardous waste, is one of the issues that are regulated at the level of the European Union with the help of Directives that are binding on all EU member states. Various EU Waste Directives have been approved since 1975, and in 2008 the fundamental EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives) was adopted, which describes the waste management policy, defines the classification of waste and methods for their processing and disposal. Material and methods. When preparing the review, legal documents (in particular, Directives, EU Regulations in the field of waste management) and guidelines for practical waste management in the EU were used. Results and discussions. The review presents a methodology for classifying waste, dividing it into non-hazardous and hazardous. Hazard codes and classes, threshold values, i.e. criteria for classifying waste as hazardous. Conclusion. At the stage of analysis of European legislation concerning waste management, the EU pays special attention to the classification of waste as an important tool for differentiating their flow and planning the management of their individual types. The main principle of classification is the differentiation of waste according to the degree of danger to the environment and humans, which allows minimizing their negative impact.

Optimization of regulatory actions based on a differentiated approach to managing ambient air quality and health risks

“…Priority pollutants are chemicals that can potentially produce the most harmful effects on the environment and human health. Such an approach allows concentrating on the most hazardous chemicals and achieving the maximum possible results in raising ambient air quality [4,13,14,23].…”

“…Given that, development of optimal regulatory actions aimed to reduce ambient air pollution with priority chemicals should rely on a system for compliance with safety criteria including health risk levels, minimization of health harm and limitations of excessiveness and economic inexpedience of implemented activities [12][13][14][15][16]. To provide the sanitaryepidemiological service with practical sciencebased tools, a methodology MR 2.1.6.0320-23 4 was developed in 2023, which is eligible for selecting optimal regulatory actions aimed to minimized airborne health risks.…”

Optimization of regulatory actions based on a differentiated approach to managing ambient air quality and health risks

“…В связи с этим разработка оптимальных регулирующих воздействий, направленных на снижение загрязнения атмосферного воздуха приоритетными загрязняющими веществами, должна базироваться на системе соблюдения гигиенических критериев, включая критерии риска здоровью населения, минимизации вреда здоровью и ограничения избыточности и экономической нецелесообразности реализуемых мероприятий [12][13][14][15][16]. С целью обеспечения санитарно-эпидемиологической службы практическим научно обоснованным инст-рументарием в 2023 г. разработана методика выбора оптимальных направлений регулирующих воздействий по минимизации аэрогенных рисков здоровью населения МР 2.1.6.0320-23 5 .…”

Scientific substantiation of priority chemicals, objects for setting quotas and trends in mitigating airborne public health risks within activities per-formed by the sanitary service of the Russian Federation

“…3 O provedenii eksperimenta po kvotirovaniyu vybrosov zagryaznyayushchikh veshchestv i vnesenii izmenenii v otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii v chasti snizheniya zagryazneniya atmosfernogo vozdukha: Federal'nyi zakon ot 26.07.2019 № 195-FZ [On performing an experiment on quoting emissions of pollutants and making alterations into some legislative acts existing in the Russian Federation as regards reduction in ambient air pollution: the Federal Law issued on July or instructive documents. These documents are represented, for example, by lists of priority substances issued by the Agency for Toxic Substances 6 , The Order by the RF Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment 'On the Procedure for identifying emission sources of harmful substances (pollutants) into ambient air that are subject to the state regulation and standardization, and on the List of harmful substances (pollutants) subject to the state regulation and standardization' 7 , The Letter of the RF Public Healthcare Ministry about the list of priority chemicals that can occur in the environment and their influence on public health 8 , the Guide on control over ambient air pollution RD 52.04.186-89 9 and others.…”

“…Applied approaches included selecting priority substances as per their contributions to the total gross mass of emissions; as per a rank of a numeric value calculated for ratios between masses of emissions and maximum permissible concentrations or complex indexes of ambient air pollution [6,7]; as per substances being able to produce mutagenic, carcinogenic or teratogenic effects [8]. Since the Guide entitled 'Human Health Risk Assessment from Environmental Chemicals' was published in Russia 10 , it has become quite a common practice to identify priority chemicals as per a hazard index value.…”