The eco-environment in city Faisalabad has attained much consideration due to rapid urbanization and land-use changes in past few years. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impacts of land-use changes on regional climate by linking them with temperature and precipitation trend using spatio-temporal analysis and statistical method. Geospatial and remote sensing technique provides essential tools which can be used to interpret the land-use changes. Spatio-temporal land-use changes from 1985 to 2016 were analysed using unsupervised image classification technique. Land-use maps were classified into three main classes, namely agriculture, built-up and open land. The results indicate that agricultural land has continuously decreased by 37.79-10.23%, built-up area has increased by 33. 07-88.19% and open land has decreased by 29.13-1.5% from 1985 to 2016. Statistical analysis indicates that transformation of agriculture and open land into built-up land has led to rise in temperatures and annual rainfall trend in Faisalabad. Average increase in annual T Min , T Max and T Mean was 1.2, 0.3 and 0.7°C, respectively from 1985 to 2016. Overall contribution of urban warming to total annual T Min , T Max and T Mean was 12.31%, 1.95% and 5.42%, respectively. Annual rainfall is also increasing and it has increased by 120 mm from 1985 to 2016. Results indicate that temporal variations of annual temperature and rainfall are consistent with land-use changes in city Faisalabad, and significant correlation coefficients were found between them. It is recommended that this type of study is helpful for urban planners to control the urbanization properly especially in larger cities of Pakistan.
ARTICLE HISTORY
The sandstone units of the Early Cretaceous Lower Goru Formation are significant reservoir for gas, oil, and condensates in the Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan. Even though these sandstones are significant reservoir rocks for hydrocarbon exploration, the diagenetic controls on the reservoir properties of the sandstones are poorly documented. For effective exploration, production, and appraisal of a promising reservoir, the diagenesis and reservoir properties must be comprehensively analyzed first. For this study, core samples from depths of more than 3100 m from the KD-01 well within the central division of the basin have been studied. These sandstones were analyzed using petrographic, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopic analyses to unravel diagenetic impacts on reservoir properties of the sandstone. Medium to coarse-grained and well-sorted sandstone have been identified during petrographic study. The sandstone are categorized as arkose and lithic arkose. Principal diagenetic events which have resulted in changing the primary characters of the sandstones are compaction, cementation, dissolution, and mineral replacement. The observed diagenetic processes can be grouped into early, burial, and late diagenesis. Chlorite is the dominant diagenetic constituent that occurs as rims, coatings, and replacing grains. The early phase of coating of authigenic chlorite has preserved the primary porosity. The recrystallization of chlorite into chamosite has massively reduced the original pore space because of its bridging structure. The current study reveals that diagenetic processes have altered the original rock properties and reservoir characteristics of the Lower Goru sandstone. These preliminary outcomes of this study have great potential to improve the understanding of diagenetic process and their impact on reservoir properties of the Lower Goru sandstone in the Lower Indus Basin and adjoining areas.
The Belaga Formation of the Rajang Group or Rajang Fold and Thrust Belt (Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene) is mostly exposed in Sibu Zone along with some exposures in the Miri Zone of Central Sarawak. This entire turbiditic sequence was believed to have been deposited in a deep marine environment in a basin having an overall passive margin setting, that is, the Rajang Sea. However, the Eocene age‐related stratigraphic record of this group (including Bawang Member) is much more complex, due to the complicated geological and tectonic settings which prevailed during their deposition. Here, we present field observations along with the application of various geochemical proxies and their constraints for the understanding of provenance, palaeo‐weathering, and tectonic evolution of the area during the deposition of Bawang turbidites. Based on field observation, it has been found that this member consists of four main lithofacies, including massive sandstone facies (MSF), thick‐bedded facies (TBF), heterolithic facies (HF), and mud facies (MF). Using geochemical data, chemical weathering indices (CIA and CIW) values and A‐CN‐K plot show that the source area for Bawang turbidites has undergone a moderate to an intense degree of chemical weathering and was influenced by the recycling effect. The slight depletion in sandstones and shales for Cr, Ni, and V values is consistent with the felsic dominated source region; however, La/Sc versus Co/Th and La/Th versus Hf plots show a mixed source (felsic and intermediate volcanic source) with some input of recycled sediments from the older sedimentary to metasedimentary rocks. Various geochemical ratios and discriminant diagrams verify that the Schwaner Mountains and its metamorphic group of rocks were the principal provenances for these sediments, along with some input from West Borneo. The results of the geochemical analysis also show that Bawang turbidite sediments were deposited in a basin associated with an initial active continental margin setting and the basin was shifting towards a passive setting (Late Eocene–Oligocene). The volcanic input in Bawang Member during the Late Eocene also suggests the involvement of some subsequent possible arc setting around the “Bawang subbasin”.
The Khewra Sandstone is widely distributed throughout the Potwar Basin of Pakistan. Its reservoir aspects are evaluated by the interpretation of well log data recorded from Kal-01 and Kal-02 wells in the Kal Oil Field, eastern Potwar Basin. The encountered thickness of the Khewra Sandstone in Kal-01and Kal-02 varies from 60 m to 120 m. On the basis of lithological interpretation from wireline logs the formation is divided into four facies: 1) shale interbedded with minor siltstone and sandstone, 2) sandstone with alternating siltstone and claystone/shale, 3) claystone /shale, siltstone interbedded with fine to medium grained sandstone and 4) fine to coarse grained sandstone with channels. The log derived average porosity in Khewra Sandstone is about 14-22% with permeability ranges from 20-58 mD. Thus, it possesses a large storage capacity for moveable hydrocarbons in Kal Oil Field. Facies 4, in the upper part of the Khewra Sandstone, is interpreted as potential reservoir interval with hydrocarbon saturation ranges from 77-79%. Based on isopach map, the formation is interpreted to be well developed in NE-SW which gradually thins basinward to the west and northwest direction. The play fairway analysis suggested very high chances of hydrocarbon entrapment is in the Kal Oil Field.
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