A new bipolar junction transistor-based temperature sensor with duty-cycle-modulated output is presented. By employing a capacitorreused voltage to the duty-cycle converter, the proposed design achieves both area and energy efficiencies simultaneously. The self-controlled chopping, dynamic element matching and digital-assisted calibration techniques are applied as well to further improve the accuracy. Fabricated in a standard 0.13 μm CMOS process, the proposed sensor achieves the measured 3s inaccuracy of 0.38°C from −10 to 100°C after one-point calibration while occupying a silicon area of 0.073 mm 2 .
Aiming at the problem that various types of uncertainties, such as randomness, fuzziness, and interval, coexist in structure reliability analysis, a discretization analysis method of hybrid reliability for uncertain structures is proposed based on evidence theory (ET) in this article. Firstly, in order to establish a hybrid reliability model based on ET, a generalized density method (GDM) is developed to transform the fuzzy variables into equivalent random variables on the basis of the entropy equivalent method (EEM). Based on the discrete property of the basic probability assignment (BPA) in evidence theory, the random variables and fuzzy variables (equivalent random variables) are both discretized into subintervals according to six-sigma rule. Then, the BPA of each subinterval is solved and all focal elements are assigned BPA, so the evidence structure characterization of random and fuzzy variables is realized. Secondly, using Fmincon function based on the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm in MATLAB, the minimum and maximum values of performance function over each focal element can be acquired directly. Meanwhile, the production rules are used to judge the belonging of focal elements and classify them, so the numerical calculation of belief measure and plausibility measure is also realized. Finally, combined with the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method, an engineering example is provided to demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method.
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