Microgrids (MGs) are capable of playing an important role in the future of intelligent energy systems. This can be achieved by allowing the effective and seamless integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) loads, besides energy-storage systems (ESS) in the local area, so they are gaining attraction worldwide. In this regard, a DC MG is an economical, flexible, and dependable solution requiring a trustworthy control structure such as a hierarchical control strategy to be appropriately coordinated and used to electrify remote areas. Two control layers are involved in the hierarchy control strategy, including local- and global-control levels. However, this research focuses mainly on the issues of DC MG’s local control layer under various load interruptions and power-production fluctuations, including inaccurate power-sharing among sources and unregulated DC-bus voltage of the microgrid, along with a high ripple of battery current. Therefore, this work suggests developing local control levels for the DC MG based on the hybrid particle swarm optimization/grey wolf optimizer (HPSO–GWO) algorithm to address these problems. The key results of the simulation studies reveal that the proposed control scheme has achieved significant improvement in terms of voltage adjustment and power distribution between photovoltaic (PV) and battery technologies accompanied by a supercapacitor, in comparison to the existing control scheme. Moreover, the settling time and overshoot/undershoot are minimized despite the tremendous load and generation variations, which proves the proposed method’s efficiency.
Multiple microgrids (MGs) close to each other can be interconnected to construct a cluster to enhance reliability and flexibility. This paper presents a comprehensive and comparative review of recent studies on DC MG clusters’ control strategies. Different schemes regarding the two significant control aspects of networked DC MGs, namely DC-link voltage control and power flow control between MGs, are investigated. A discussion about the architecture configuration of DC MG clusters is also provided. All advantages and limitations of various control strategies of recent studies are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, this paper discusses three types of consensus protocol with different time boundaries, including linear, finite, and fixed. Based on the main findings from the reviewed studies, future research recommendations are proposed.
<p>Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$ 163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly.</p>
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