<p>Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$ 163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly.</p>
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) can be used directly in place of the induction motors (I.M) for several industrial applications since it is characterized by high efficiency, high power factor, and high power compared to I.M. However, this type of motor suffers from some abnormal conditions that result in minimizing power quality such as voltage sags, temporary disturbances, and faults within the network. In this paper, the behavior of PMSM has been studied under the above conditions in a Matlab/Simulink environment. It was noticed that such problems caused an increase in the amount of torque and current in this motor which impacted negatively on the motor speed and influenced the behavior of PMSM.
Distributed generation (DG) units have an important number of economic, environmental and technical features, which can contribute to the improvement of the reliability and security of the electric grid. However, all benefits that mentioned before cannot be maximised and enhanced unless the best sizing and position of distributed generation units are accurately determined. The arbitrary placement of DG units can lead to negative influences on the electrical networks. A noteworthy number of methods have been suggested to compute the optimal sizing and position of Distributed generation (DG) units in distribution networks. However, some of them focused on an analytical approach to estimate the optimum allocation of DG units in the radial distribution networks. Indeed, although this method was considered both constant and variable loads, as well as this method, overcome the problem of convergence, but the optimal sizing of DG units was not considered. The main intention of this study is to improve a technique that based on an intelligent algorithm for optimal planning and operation of DG technologies to minimise the real power losses, boost the voltage profile and enhance the overall reliability. IEEE Node-15 system has been taken to perform this study based on a MATLAB environment.in a single paragraph.
The polyurethane (PU) has been showing a dramatic increase in applications related to material science and technology. However, the mechanical, physical and thermal properties could be further improved by loading PU with zirconia (Zr) to create renewable materials known as polyurethane–zirconia (PUZ) composites. In this study, PU matrix was treated with wt.% Zr at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. In this study, the thermo-mechanical properties and the morphology were investigated of PU and PUZ nano-samples. The images of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were the prime tool in investigating PU and PUZ surfaces and fractured surfaces showing vanishing the cracks and formation of agglomeration on the sample PUZ-1.5%. In addition, the tensile strength, Young’s modulus and maximum loading were improved by 36.7, 31.8 and 39.1%, respectively, at Zr loading of 1.5 wt.%. The flexural stress and the load were improved by 94.3% and 93.6%, respectively, when Zr loading was 1.5 wt.%. The impact without and with a notch was improved by 110.7% and 62.6%, respectively, at Zr loading of 1.5 wt.%. The the morphologies of the PU surface and Zr surface supported by SEM images. Regarding the storage modulus ability of PU and PUZ composites, Zr loading has negatively influenced E. The E functioning temperature was observed to move from 142 to 183°C. Another effect was determined by adding a small amount of Zr. This small amount was enough to shift the crystallization temperature (${T}_c$) and the melting temperature (${T}_m$) of PU from 125 to 129°C and from 150 to 144°C, respectively.
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