This paper proposes a nonlinear sliding-mode speedcontrol scheme for interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives incorporating the maximum-torque-per-ampere trajectory. The drive uses an adaptive sliding-mode observer (SMO) for rotor-speed estimation. The global asymptotic stabilities of both the controller and observer are guaranteed by Lyapunov stability analysis. The very low speed and standstill performance of the drive is further enhanced by combining highfrequency signal injection with the SMO. Hence, the sensorless drive is capable of exhibiting high dynamic and steady-state performances over a wide speed range. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.Index Terms-Adaptive sliding-mode control, interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), sensorless, sliding-mode observer (SMO).

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Unidirectional inductive power transfer (UIPT) systems allow loads to consume power while bidirectional IPT (BIPT) systems are more suitable for loads requiring two way power flow such as vehicle to grid (V2G) applications with electric vehicles (EVs). Many attempts have been made to improve the performance of BIPT systems. In a typical BIPT system, the output power is control using the pickup converter phase shift angle (PSA) while the primary converter regulates the input current. This paper proposes an optimized phase shift modulation strategy to minimize the coil losses of a seriesseries (SS) compensated BIPT system. In addition, a comprehensive study on the impact of power converters on the overall efficiency of the system is also presented. A closed loop controller is proposed to optimize the overall efficiency of the BIPT system. Theoretical results are presented in comparison to both simulations and measurements of a 0.5 kW prototype to show the benefits of the proposed concept. Results convincingly demonstrate the applicability of the proposed system offering high efficiency over a wide range of output power.