IntroductionIn recent decades, several studies have been carried out regarding the transport of materials, particularly precious metal particles in the nano regime. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show special properties that are great scientific achievements in nanotechnology. Their use is widespread as they are produced in different ways depending on the type of material and its applications. Nanoparticles are among the most common elements in science and nanotech- Abstract Background: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major characteristics of infectious agents. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been introduced as novel antibacterial agents in accordance with the traditional treatments. Our purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) that are resistant to antibiotics. Methods: During a cross-sectional study, we tried to evaluate 20 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from the urine cultures of patients admitted to the hospital due to urinary tract infections. The AgNPs were commercially purchased. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs in different concentrations was determined by the dilution in wells on bacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa was evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion standard. Results: Current study indicated that P. aeruginosa were resistant to four types of agents including ampicillin (85%), nitrofurantoin (65%), nalidixic acid (65%), and ciprofloxacin (15%) and result of nanosilver indicated that the most MIC was 100 ppm concentration, and six strains of P. aeruginosa were inhibited by it. Conclusion: Our study presented a new type of silver nanoparticle and indicated that they can be embedded in bone cement to prevent infections once synthetic conditions are tailored for such applications.

Background: Medicinal plants are widely used throughout the world. Since these plants are known to have minimal side effects, many people embrace them. This study aims to investigate the antifungal effects of the extracts of the plants against Candida albicans. Methods: The extracts of Echinophora platyloba, Peganum harmala, Heracleum persicum and Rosmarinus officinalis were prepared using a rotary device. The inhibitory concentration against Candida albicans was determined using incubation in media. Results:The results show that highest MIC of R. officinalis against C. albicans was 100 ppm and low MIC was 12.5 ppm against C. albicans (Table 1) and the highest MIC of E. platyloba against C. albicans was 150 ppm and low MIC was 12.5 ppm against C. albicans. The results of this study showed that by increasing the concentration of plant extracts inhibited by the fungus has also been increased. Futhermore, Heracleum persicum extract concentration inhibited growth of fungal ppm 25 while Peganum harmala extract concentration inhibited growth ppm 50. Conclusions:The results showed good antifungal activity Peganum harmala, Echinophora platyloba, Rosmarinus officinalis and Heracleum persicum has expressed Feb plants can be used to treat infections caused by these.

Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding CASRP΄s archiving and manuscript policies encouraged to visit: http://www.casrp.co.uk/journals AbstractThe aim study antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles against resistant strains of E.coli bacteria.12 strains of E. coli strains arising urinary infection were isolated from hospitalized patient in zabolhospitals. Minimum inhibitory concentration of winter cherry were determined by dilution method in various concentration on bacteria. The highest MIC values was found to be 100ppm against one E.coli and the least MIC values was observed in 12.5 ppm. This work, integrates nanotechnology and bacteriology, leading to possible advances in the formulation of new types of bactericides.

Background:The emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical and nonclinical bacteria is a global public health problem. Klebsiella Pneumoniae is one of the most pathogens that contains a variety of gens and shows resistance to many antibiotics. Perpetual monitoring of the resistant bacteria is an important in order to limit the development of resistance among these pathogens. Objectives: The current study aimed to monitor the prevalence of tetA and tetB resistance genes in Klebsiella Pneumoniae species isolated from the patients with urinary tract infection who hospitalized in Mir Hospital of Zabol, Iran from 2011 to 2012. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, a total of 30 strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated from urine cultures of hospitalized patients in Mir Hospital (Zabol, south-east of Iran) who had urinary tract infections from 2011 to 2012. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was evaluated for four antibiotics including ceftazidime, cefixime, tetracycline and erythromycin using standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The K. pneumoniae genome was extracted by simple boiling method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method also was used to detect tetA and tetB genes by specific pair of primers. Results: The K. pneumonia isolates were resistant to erythromycin (70%), cefixime (53.3%), tetracycline (50%) and ceftazidime (36.6%). The amplification of tetA and tetB genes of K. pneumonia revealed that all of the isolates harbored these genes. Conclusions: Resistance to tetracycline and other antibiotics, and the presence of various resistance genes in K. pneumonia strains are alarming signs in Zabol area. The current study strongly recommends limiting the consumption of antibiotics including tetracycline. Further studies should be conducted in order to find out the extent of the problem in other areas.

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Background: The overgrowing resistance of the species of candida toward anti-fungus drugs has necessitated the use of compounds with antifungal features. Some plants have antimicrobial features due to their polyphenols components. This paper aims at exploring the anti-fungus effects of Zataria multiflora against candida albicans. Methods: A total of 20 g of the dried and pounded leaves of the Zataria multiflora was used and its extract was prepared in the rotary device. Various concentrations of all extracts were prepared in the 96 cell microplate. MIC and diameter of the inhibitory shield were measured by dilution method and agar disk, respectively. Results: The Zataria multiflora extract showed good antifungal effects against Candida albicans sample. Therefore, this plant extract can replace chemical drugs and be used against candida-caused infection upon completion of this research trend. Conclusions: In the present study the principles of the extract, different methods of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and mode of action of the extract are discussed.

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Background:Herbal medicines has been a major remedy in traditional medical systems from thousands of years and made a great contribution in maintaining human health and in preventing many infectious diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Winter Cheery (Withania somnifera) against antibiotic-resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the urinary tract infection patients. Materials and Methods: All 30 isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from urine culture of hospitalized patients (Amir al-Mu'minin Hospital, Zabol, southeastern of Iran) suffered from urinary tract infection during the years 2011 and 2012. In this study, the extract of W. somnifera obtained by rotary evaporator. Then the minimum inhibitory concentrations were investigated to characterize the antibacterial activities of this extract. Results: The isolates of K. pneumoniae were resistance to four of the agents including ceftazidime (60% of isolates) cefixime (60% of isolates), erythromycin (66.6% of isolates). The highest MIC values of extract were found to be 250 ppm against K. pneumoniae and MIC values for K. pneumoniae were 63 ppm. Conclusions: This study confirmed the antimicrobial potential of investigated plants and their usefulness in treatment of resistant isolates of K. pneumoniae.