Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to study the effects of 200 keV proton and 1 MeV fluorine ion irradiation on the microstructure of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO). Proton irradiation at fluences on the order of 1016 cm−2 results in more visible defects than can reasonably be expected solely from high energy transfer events; medium energy transfer events also contribute to visible defects. Defects arising from cascade events can be as large as 2 to 3 nm, and high resolution imaging suggests that they consist of small volumes of structurally disordered material. Fluorine irradiation to similar displacement levels results in significantly more visible defects.
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