Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia can lead to macro- and microvascular complications. Adolescents with T2DM develop similar complications as in adults, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency, and chronic renal failure. Although regular medical follow-up is essential to avoid long-term complications, patients with diabetes mellitus need to perform holistic self-care activities such as opting for a healthy diet, physical activity, self-monitoring, and proper medication. To the best of our knowledge, only a limited number of studies have focused on self-care activities and self-management, including self-care practices, supportive networks, and self-care education programs in adolescent with T2DM. Some of the studies focused on the appreciation of self-care in adolescents with T2DM. This review aimed to analyse self-care and self-management among adolescents with T2DM, and discuss the impact of self-care and self-management on glycaemic control. The difficulties faced by adolescents in self-managing their disease are also highlighted. Such information is essential for healthcare providers in promoting self-care practices among adolescents with T2DM. A thorough search of the literature was performed using three databases: Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The articles focused on self-care and self-management of adolescents patients with T2DM aged between 12 and 19 years old were included. Findings from this review reveal that healthy food adaptation, adequate physical activity, proper medication practices, and regular glucose monitoring are the most common self-care practices. Parental involvement and clinician encouragement also contribute toward the practice of self-care and self-management among the adolescents with T2DM. In conclusion, independent self-management regimens and supportive networks for appropriate administration are vital factors to enhance clinical outcomes of adolescents with T2DM.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from insulin insufficiency, insulin resistance or both. Although different anti-diabetic agents are available to control blood glucose, patient self-management is essential for achieving good glycaemic control. Good knowledge of disease self-management is a pre-requisite to enable patients in making informed decisions in disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the knowledge of self-management among patients with T2DM visiting outpatient pharmacy at Hospital Taiping. Adult patients with T2DM were invited to participate in a survey from December 2018 to February 2019. A pre-validated, selfadministered questionnaire was used to capture patients’ demographics, glucose level and diabetes self-management knowledge. A total of 148 patients responded to the survey. More than half of the patients (54.7%) in this study were found to have low knowledge scores (< 70%). The level of education (p = 0.041), occupation (p = 0.024) and the use of insulin (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with patients’ level of self-management knowledge whereas no significant relationships were found between knowledge score across age, gender, ethnicity, living status, use of oral anti-diabetic agents, attending diabetes education before and the duration of diabetes. A low but significant negative correlation was found between the score of self-management knowledge and fasting blood glucose (r = −0.264, p = 0.002). Despite the fact that nearly half of the respondents had good knowledge scores, the knowledge gaps remain to be filled s o t hat p atients are empowered to practise self-management in managing their T2DM.
INTRODUCTION: Medicine and communicable disease control are embedded in many Islamic teachings as conveyed by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through the Al-Quran, Al-sunnah, and Al-hadith more than 1400 years ago. Therefore, when the COVID-19 outbreak hits Malaysia, with the majority of the population being Muslims, the society should be equipped with knowledge in dealing with this pandemic. This study investigates the knowledge towards dealing with COVID-19 based on the guidance of Al-Quran and Al-Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) among undergraduate students in Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study using self-constructed questionnaires was performed. The questionnaires were pre-validated and distributed to pharmacy and health sciences students via an online survey platform. One of the selection criteria was that the respondent must be a Muslim. RESULTS: The students scored a median of 26 (IQR 4) in the knowledge test. Students’ percentage knowledge levels were divided into three categories: poor (n = 42, 15%); moderate (n = 207, 73%) and good (n = 33, 12%). The lowest scored knowledge item was observed on the Islamic terminology, Maqasid Shariah (4.3%), and differences between hadith and sunnah (20.9%). No significant differences in knowledge scores were observed in the pre-determined independent variables such as age, year of study, accommodation, and previous religious school admission. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that the students have a good understanding of scientific aspects of COVID-19 but lack knowledge in handling the pandemic as recommended by Al-Quran and Al-Sunnah.
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