The results of recent published studies focusing on the effect of azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis are inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials to examine the effect of azithromycin combined with SRP on periodontal clinical parameters as compared to SRP alone. An electronic search was carried out on Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from their earliest records through December 28, 2014 to identify studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. Data were extracted independently by two authors. Either a fixed- or random-effects model was used to calculate the overall effect sizes of azithromycin on probing depth, attachment level (AL) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q test and I(2) statistic. Publication bias was evaluated by Begg's test and Egger's test. A total of 14 trials were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with SRP alone, locally delivered azithromycin plus SRP statistically significantly reduced probing depth by 0.99 mm (95% CI 0.42-1.57) and increased AL by 1.12 mm (95% CI 0.31-1.92). In addition, systemically administered azithromycin plus SRP statistically significantly reduced probing depth by 0.21 mm (95% CI 0.12-0.29), BOP by 4.50% (95% CI 1.45-7.56) and increased AL by 0.23 mm (95% CI 0.07-0.39). Sensitivity analysis yielded similar results. No evidence of publication bias was observed. The additional benefit of systemic azithromycin was shown at the initially deep probing depth sites, but not at shallow or moderate sites. The overall effect sizes of systemic azithromycin showed a tendency to decrease with time, and meta-regression analysis suggested a negative relation between the length of follow-up and net change in probing depth (r = -0.05, p = 0.02). This meta-analysis provides further evidence that azithromycin used as an adjunct to SRP significantly improves the efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy on reducing probing depth, BOP and improving AL, particularly at the initially deep probing depth sites.

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, extensively used as a plasticizer in many products including plastics, cosmetics, and medical devices. Some studies have shown that DBP has potential testicular toxicity. However, the mechanism of action of DBP on male reproduction is not clear. The present study was designed to further investigate the potential male reproductive toxicity of DBP . Oxidative stress was assessed in rat testes as an underlying mechanism. Forty SD adult rats were randomly allotted to four groups, and DBP was administered to each group by oral gavage at doses of 0 (control), 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/d for 2 consecutive weeks. The results indicated that the reproductive toxicity of DBP is dose-dependent. Body and testicular weight was significantly decreased in rats of DBP exposure at a dose of 500 mg/kg/d. Sperm count and motility were significantly decreased at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/d. The same two doses significantly inhibited the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in testes of rats. Microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed that seminiferous tubules atrophy and seminiferous epithelial cells disintegrated and shed in rats of DBP exposure at doses of 500 mg/kg/d. In conclusion, DBP alters the testicular structure and function, at least partly, by inducing oxidative stress in testes of adult rats.

Postpartum depression (PPD), as a common complication of childbearing, could have adverse consequences on mothers, children, and families. This cohort study aimed to assess the association between duration of folic acid (FA) supplementation during pregnancy and the onset of PPD in Chinese women. A total of 1592 participants were recruited, and data collected between July 2015 and March 2017 in Tianjin, China. Participants’ baseline data were collected regarding socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, obstetric history, and FA supplementation during pregnancy. The Chinese version of the self-rating depression scale was used to assess depressive symptoms at 6–12 weeks postpartum, and the prevalence of PPD in participants was 29.4%. Pregnant women who took FA supplements for >6 months had a lower prevalence of PPD, compared to those who took FA for ≤6 months. After using the 1:1 ratio propensity score matching, 601 FA-users ≤ 6 months and 601 FA-users > 6 months were included in the further analyses; this also yielded similar results (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that FA intake for >6 months was an independent determinant of PPD (odds ratio = 0.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.98; P < 0.05). Thus, prolonged FA supplementation during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of PPD in Chinese women.

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The purpose of the meta-analysis was to investigate the potential association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis (CP). A total of 33 studies involving 3487 cases and 4356 controls were identified through a search of multiple electronic databases (last search was updated on 19 July 2018).Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were included in the meta-analysis: -1082A>G(rs1800896), -819C>T(rs1800871), and -592C>A(rs1800872). Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using allele, dominant, and recessive genetic models were computed to assess the strength of the association. The -1082A>G(rs1800896) polymorphism was found to be associated with decreased CP risk in both Caucasians and Latinos under the dominant model. The -819C>T(rs1800871) and -592C>A(rs1800872) polymorphisms were both associated with increased CP risk in Latinos under the allele and dominant models. In Asians, no associations were observed for any of the polymorphisms under all comparison models. The present meta-analysis suggests that the -1082A>G(rs1800896) polymorphism might be a protective factor for CP in both Caucasians and Latinos, but the -819C>T(rs1800871) and -592C>A(rs1800872) polymorphisms might contribute to CP pathogenesis in Latinos. K E Y W O R D S IL-10, meta-analysis, periodontitis, polymorphism, susceptibility S U PP O RTI N GI N FO R M ATI O N Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. Howtocitethisarticle: Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Li X. Interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis susceptibility: Evidence based on 33 studies. J Periodont Res. 2019;54:95-105. https://doi.

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