Although shrimp are of great economic importance, few full-length shrimp transcriptomes are available. Here, we used Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read sequencing technology to generate transcripts from the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). We obtained 322,600 full-length non-chimeric reads, from which we generated 51,367 high-quality unique full-length transcripts. We corrected errors in the SMRT sequences by comparison with Illumina-produced short reads. We successfully annotated 81.72% of all unique SMRT transcripts against the NCBI non-redundant database, 58.63% against Swiss-Prot, 45.38% against Gene Ontology, 32.57% against Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), and 47.83% against Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Across all transcripts, we identified 3,958 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 80,650 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Our study provides a rich set of full-length cDNA sequences for L. vannamei, which will greatly facilitate shrimp transcriptome research.

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The H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been circulating in China for more than 20 years, attracting more and more attention due to the potential threat of them. At present, vaccination is a common prevention and control strategy in poultry farms, but as virus antigenicity evolves, the immune protection efficiency of vaccines has constantly been challenged. In this study, we downloaded the hemagglutinin (HA) protein sequences of the H9N2 subtype AIVs from 1994 to 2019 in China—with a total of 5138 sequences. The above sequences were analyzed in terms of time and space, and it was found that h9.4.2.5 was the most popular in various regions of China. Furthermore, the prevalence of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China around 2006 was different. The domestic epidemic branch was relatively diversified from 1994 to 2006. After 2006, the epidemic branch each year was h9.4.2.5. We compared the sequences around 2006 as a whole and screened out 15 different amino acid positions. Based on the HA protein of A/chicken/Guangxi/55/2005 (GX55), the abovementioned amino acid mutations were completed. According to the 12-plasmid reverse genetic system, the rescue of the mutant virus was completed using A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) as the backbone. The cross hemagglutination inhibition test showed that these mutant sites could transform the parental strain from the old to the new antigenic region. Animal experiments indicated that the mutant virus provided significant protection against the virus from the new antigenic region. This study revealed the antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China. At the same time, it provided an experimental basis for the development of new vaccines.

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The replication and transcription of influenza virus depends on the participation of many host factors in cells. Exploring the relationship between viruses and host factors will help us fully understand the characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of influenza viruses.

The three-dimensional (3D) conductive network structures formed by barium titanate/carbon nanotubes incorporated polyaniline were favorable for strengthening electromagnetic absorption capability. Herein, an easy and flexible method consisting of sol-gel technique, in situ polymerization, and subsequent mechanical method have been developed to prepare the barium titanate/carbon nanotubes incorporated polyaniline (CNTs/BaTiO3/PANI or CBP) ternary composites. The dielectric properties and microwave absorption properties of CNTs/BaTiO3/PANI composites were investigated in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz by vector network analyzer. Interestingly, it is found that the CNTs/BaTiO3/PANI composites with 3D conductive network structures presented outstanding electromagnetic absorption properties, which may be attributed to the high impedance matching behavior and improved dielectric loss ability and novel synergistic effect. Additionally, it also can be supposed that the “geometrical effect” of composite was more beneficial to absorbing the incident electromagnetic wave. The CNTs/BaTiO3/PANI composite (the mass ratio of CNTs/BaTiO3to PANI is 2 : 3) exhibits the best microwave absorption properties, of which the minimum reflection loss value can reach −30.9 dB at 8 GHz and the absorption bandwidth with a reflection loss blew −10 dB ranges from 7.5 to 10.2 GHz.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators involved in the antiviral response to influenza virus infection, however, an analytical comparison of miRNA and mRNA expression changes induced by several H7N9 host-adapting PB2 mutants remains undone. Here, miRNA microarray and transcriptome sequencing of BALB/c mouse lungs infected with A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) [hereafter referred to as H7N9/AH1-PB2-627K(WT)] and mutant variants with PB2 amino acid substitutions (avian-like H7N9/AH1-PB2-627E and mammalian-adapted H7N9/AH1-PB2-627E/701N) were directly compared. The results showed that influenza virus infection induced dysregulation of numerous host cell processes. In a miRNA-mRNA network associated with immunity, changes in the expression of 38 miRNAs and 58 mRNAs were detected following influenza virus infection. Notably, the miRNAs of mmu-miR-188-5p, mmu-miR-511-5p, mmu-miR-483-5p, and mmu-miR-690 were specifically associated with the replication of the avian-like virus H7N9/AH1-PB2-627E. Likewise, the miRNAs of mmu-miR-691, mmu-miR-329-3p, and mmu-miR-144-3p were specifically associated with the mammalian-adapted virus H7N9/AH1-PB2-627E/701N. Finally, the miRNAs of mmu-miR-98-5p, mmu-miR-103-3p, mmu-miR-199a-5p, and mmu-miR-378a-3p were specifically associated with H7N9/AH1-PB2-627K(WT) virus replication. This is the first report of comparative integration analysis of miRNA-mRNA expression of these three H7N9 influenza viruses with different host-adapting PB2 mutations. Our results highlight potential miRNAs of importance in influenza virus pathogenesis.