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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 exhibit higher transmissibility than the BA.2 lineage1. The receptor binding and immune-evasion capability of these recently emerged variants require immediate investigation. Here, coupled with structural comparisons of the spike proteins, we show that BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 (BA.4 and BA.5 are hereafter referred collectively to as BA.4/BA.5) exhibit similar binding affinities to BA.2 for the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Of note, BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5 display increased evasion of neutralizing antibodies compared with BA.2 against plasma from triple-vaccinated individuals or from individuals who developed a BA.1 infection after vaccination. To delineate the underlying antibody-evasion mechanism, we determined the escape mutation profiles2, epitope distribution3 and Omicron-neutralization efficiency of 1,640 neutralizing antibodies directed against the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike protein, including 614 antibodies isolated from people who had recovered from BA.1 infection. BA.1 infection after vaccination predominantly recalls humoral immune memory directed against ancestral (hereafter referred to as wild-type (WT)) SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The resulting elicited antibodies could neutralize both WT SARS-CoV-2 and BA.1 and are enriched on epitopes on spike that do not bind ACE2. However, most of these cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies are evaded by spike mutants L452Q, L452R and F486V. BA.1 infection can also induce new clones of BA.1-specific antibodies that potently neutralize BA.1. Nevertheless, these neutralizing antibodies are largely evaded by BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 owing to D405N and F486V mutations, and react weakly to pre-Omicron variants, exhibiting narrow neutralization breadths. The therapeutic neutralizing antibodies bebtelovimab4 and cilgavimab5 can effectively neutralize BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5, whereas the S371F, D405N and R408S mutations undermine most broadly sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibodies. Together, our results indicate that Omicron may evolve mutations to evade the humoral immunity elicited by BA.1 infection, suggesting that BA.1-derived vaccine boosters may not achieve broad-spectrum protection against new Omicron variants.

2D material based photodetectors have attracted many research projects due to their unique structures and excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties. These 2D materials, including semimetallic graphene, semiconducting black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, insulating hexagonal boron nitride, and their various heterostructures, show a wide distribution in bandgap values. To date, hundreds of photodetectors based on 2D materials have been reported. Here, a review of photodetectors based on 2D materials covering the detection spectrum from ultraviolet to infrared is presented. First, a brief insight into the detection mechanisms of 2D material photodetectors as well as introducing the figure-of-merits which are key factors for a reasonable comparison between different photodetectors is provided. Then, the recent progress on 2D material based photodetectors is reviewed. Particularly, the excellent performances such as broadband spectrum detection, ultrahigh photoresponsivity and sensitivity, fast response speed and high bandwidth, polarization-sensitive detection are pointed out on the basis of the state-of-the-art 2D photodetectors. Initial applications based on 2D material photodetectors are mentioned. Finally, an outlook is delivered, the challenges and future directions are discussed, and general advice for designing and realizing novel high-performance photodetectors is given to provide a guideline for the future development of this fast-developing field.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201803807. atomic layer, while these atomically thin layers are bonded together by weak van der Waals interactions along the third dimension perpendicular to the 2D plane. The weak interlayer interaction makes it possible to exfoliate bulk crystals into isolated thin 2D flakes and even a single atomically thin layer.A photodetector is a device that can convert a light signal into an electrical signal. High performance photodetectors play important roles in many fields of our daily life, including electro-optical displays, imaging, environment monitoring, optical communication, military, security checking and so forth. 2D materials, as one of most competitive materials for designing photodetectors, have been demonstrated with remarkable characteristics, including broad detection waveband covering the wavelengths from UV to terahertz frequencies (THz, 10 12 Hz), ultrahigh photoresponsivity, polarization sensitive photodetection, high-speed photoresponse, high spatially resolved imaging, etc. Thanks to the recently developed dry transfer technique, [1] various heterostructures based on 2D materials have been designed and fabricated with desirable band alignments. Photodetectors based on these heterostructures have exhibited enhanced performances like high photovoltaic external quantum efficiency up to 30% for graphene-WS 2 -graphene, [2] ultrahigh photoresponsivity up to ≈10 10 A W −1 for graphene-MoS 2 , [3] ultrahigh photogain ...