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The glycosylation process was investigated for the common brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in hydroponic exposure systems with pumpkin seedlings. Two typical glycosylation metabolites of TBBPA formed in pumpkin seedlings, TBBPA mono-β-d-glucopyranoside (TBBPA MG) and TBBPA di-β-d-glucopyranoside (TBBPA DG), increasing their mass early in the exposure (reaching maximum masses of 608 ± 53 and 3806 ± 1570 pmol at 12 h, respectively) and then falling throughout exposure. These two metabolites were released from roots to rhizosphere solutions, where they also exhibited initial increases followed by decreasing trends (reaching maximum masses of 595 ± 272 pmol at 3 h and 77.1 ± 36.0 pmol at 6 h, respectively). However, a (pseudo)­zero-order deglycosylation of TBBPA MG and TBBPA DG (during the first 1.5 h) back to TBBPA was unexpectedly detected in the hydroponic solutions containing pumpkin exudates and microorganisms. The function of microorganisms in the solutions was further investigated, revealing that the microorganisms were main contributors to deglycosylation. Plant detoxification through glycosylation and excretion, followed by deglycosylation of metabolites back to the toxic parent compound (TBBPA) in hydroponic solutions, provides new insight into the uptake, transformation, and environmental fate of TBBPA and its glycosylated metabolites in plant/microbial systems.

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A quaternary ammonium salt (QA), epoxypropyl-N,N-dimethyldodecylammonium chloride (EDAC), is grafted on macroporous polyvinyl alcohol-formaldehyde (PVF) sponges via facile reaction conditions. The grafting percentage (GP) of QA is influenced by the reaction temperature, time, and catalyst concentration, and the optimal GP can reach up to 43.3%. As-prepared PVF-g-QA sponges show average pore size in the range of 60–90 μm and high porosity above 80%. Meanwhile, the resultant PVF-g-QA samples also display a high water absorption capacity approximately 12.4–14.2 g/g and reach dynamic absorption equilibrium quickly within only 1 min in both saline solution and deionized water. Notably, the antibacterial performance of these sponges for both E. coli and S. aureus are excellent with a reduction of four orders of magnitude compared with a high initial concentration of bacteria (108 CFU/mL). Moreover, the as-prepared samples with different grafting percentages almost have no cytotoxicity for cells. The PVF-g-QA sponges can serve as a candidate for wound dressings for medical and sanitary applications.