High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with ultraflexibility, outstanding mechanical properties, and superior EMI shielding performances are highly desirable for modern integrated electronic and telecommunication systems in areas such as aerospace, military, artificial intelligence, and smart and wearable electronics. Herein, ultraflexible and mechanically strong aramid nanofiber−Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene/silver nanowire (ANF-MXene/AgNW) nanocomposite papers with double-layered structures are fabricated via the facile two-step vacuum-assisted filtration followed by hot-pressing approach. The resultant doublelayered nanocomposite papers with a low MXene/AgNW content of 20 wt % exhibit an excellent electrical conductivity of 922.0 S•cm −1 , outstanding mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 235.9 MPa and fracture strain of 24.8%, superior EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 48.1 dB, and high EMI SE/t of 10 688.9 dB•cm −1 , benefiting from the highly efficient double-layered structures, high-performance ANF substrate, and extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions. Particularly, the nanocomposite papers show a maximum electrical conductivity of 3725.6 S•cm −1 and EMI SE of ∼80 dB at a MXene/AgNW content of 80 wt % with an absorption-dominant shielding mechanism owing to the massive ohmic losses in the highly conductive MXene/AgNW layer, multiple internal reflections between Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets and polarization relaxation of localized defects, and abundant terminal groups. Compared with the homogeneously blended ones, the double-layered nanocomposite papers possess greater advantages in electrical, mechanical, and EMI shielding performances. Moreover, the multifunctional double-layered nanocomposite papers exhibit excellent thermal management performances such as high Joule heating temperature at low supplied voltages, rapid response time, sufficient heating stability, and reliability. The results indicate that the double-layered nanocomposite papers have excellent potential for high-performance EMI shielding and thermal management applications in aerospace, military, artificial intelligence, and smart and wearable electronics.
High-performance and rapid response
electrical heaters with ultraflexibility, superior heat resistance,
and mechanical properties are highly desirable for the development
of wearable devices, artificial intelligence, and high-performance
heating systems in areas such as aerospace and the military. Herein,
a facile and efficient two-step vacuum-assisted filtration followed
by hot-pressing approach is presented to fabricate versatile electrical
heaters based on the high-performance aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and
highly conductive Ag nanowires (AgNWs). The resultant ANF/AgNW nanocomposite
papers present ultraflexibility, extremely low sheet resistance (minimum R
s of 0.12 Ω/sq), and outstanding heat
resistance (thermal degradation temperature above 500 °C) and
mechanical properties (tensile strength of 285.7 MPa, tensile modulus
of 6.51 GPa with a AgNW area fraction of 0.4 g/m2), benefiting
from the partial embedding of AgNWs into the ANF substrate and the
extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions. Moreover, the ANF/AgNW nanocomposite
paper-based electrical heaters exhibit satisfyingly high heating temperatures
(up to ∼200 °C) with rapid response time (10–30
s) at low AgNW area fractions and supplied voltages (0.5–5
V) and possess sufficient heating reliability, stability, and repeatability
during the long-term and repeated heating and cooling cycles. Fully
functional applications of the ANF/AgNW nanocomposite paper-based
electrical heaters are demonstrated, indicating their excellent potential
for emerging electronic applications such as wearable devices, artificial
intelligence, and high-performance heating systems.
its effect on electronic elements may result in catastrophic failure of the whole system. [1][2][3][4] Moreover, people also focus on the harm to human health caused by the thermal effect of electromagnetic (EM) waves. [5][6][7][8][9] Therefore, the market demand for EMI shielding materials has undergone rapid growth in recent years. [10][11][12][13][14] There are two types of EM wave shielding, namely reflection and absorption. [15][16][17][18] Reflection-dominated EMI shielding material usually has high electrical conductivity and inferior impedance match. It blocks EM waves by reflecting them into the outer space, [19][20][21] thus generating unavoidable secondary EM wave pollution. [12,22,23] It is of great significance to develop absorption-dominated EMI shielding materials to prevent humans and devices from the secondary pollution of EM waves. [24][25][26] Absorption-dominated EMI shielding materials dissipate EM energy by converting it into thermal energy. [27] Allowing the EM waves to enter the material interior is an essential prerequisite to attenuate the EM energy. [28,29] Therefore, the simultaneous achievement of good impedance match and excellent shielding capacity is the critical requirement for absorption-dominated EMI shielding materials. Numerous research works [30][31][32] concentrate on structural design to improve the impedance match and shielding capacity. It usually consists of porous and Double-layered absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites are highly desirable to prevent secondary electromagnetic wave pollution. However, it is a tremendous challenge to optimize the shielding performance via the trial-and-error method due to the low efficiency. Herein, a novel approach of computation-aided experimental design is proposed to efficiently optimize the reflectivity of the double-layered composites. A normalized input impedance (NII) method is presented to calculate the electromagnetic wave reflectivity of multilayered EMI shielding composites. The calculated results are a good match with the experimental results. Then, the NII method is utilized to design polyvinylidene difluoride/MXene/carbon nanotube (PVDF/MXene/CNT) composites. According to the optimization of the NII method, the prepared PVDF/MXene/CNT composite has an ultralow reflectivity of 0.000057, which outperforms that reported in current work and satisfies the requirement of electromagnetic wave absorbing material. Additionally, its average EMI shielding effectiveness is 30 dB, demonstrating that PVDF/MXene/ CNT composite simultaneously achieves shielding and absorption. The ultralow reflection mechanism can be ascribed to the ideal impedance match. Both the PVDF/MXene and the PVDF/CNT layers can attenuate electromagnetic energy, which subverts the traditional cognition of double-layered absorption-dominated EMI shielding composites. The NII method opens a way for the practical fabrication of double-layered absorption-dominated EMI shielding composites.The ORCID identification number(s) for the...
The
most environmentally abundant bromophenol congener, 2,4,6-tribromophenol
(2,4,6-TBP, 6.06 μmol/L), was exposed to rice for 5 d both in
vivo (intact seedling) and in vitro (suspension cell) to systematically
characterize the fate of its sulfation and glycosylation conjugates
in rice. The 2,4,6-TBP was rapidly transformed to produce 6 [rice
cells (3 h)] and 8 [rice seedlings (24 h)] sulfated and glycosylated
conjugates. The predominant sulfation conjugate (TP408,
93.0–96.7%) and glycosylation conjugate (TP490,
77.1–90.2%) were excreted into the hydroponic solution after
their formation in rice roots. However, the sulfation and glycosylation
conjugates presented different translocation and compartmentalization
behaviors during the subsequent Phase III metabolism. Specifically,
the sulfated conjugate could be vertically transported into the leaf
sheath and leaf, while the glycosylation conjugates were sequestered
in cell vacuoles and walls, which resulted in exclusive compartmentalization
within the rice roots. These results showed the micromechanisms of
the different compartmentalization behaviors of 2,4,6-TBP conjugates
in Phase III metabolism. Glycosylation and sulfation of the phenolic
hydroxyl groups orchestrated by plant excretion and Phase III metabolism
may reduce the accumulation of 2,4,6-TBP and its conjugates in rice
plants.
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