SummaryFish has historically played an important role in food security in many countries and contributes to do so in globally, providing 15-20 percent of animal protein intake. Fishery has been practiced in different parts of the world. At present, the country Ethiopia has an estimated annual total exploitable fish potential of 51,481 tons, which can meet only 79 percent of the current actual demand, 55 percent of the projected demand in 2010 and 44 percent of the projected demand in 2015, based solely on population size. Ethiopia contains many lakes and rivers for fish production and also different species of fishes exist in these lakes and rivers. In addition to this there is good environmental condition for fishery and there is huge agricultural and Industrial by Product or residue due to the country mostly based on agriculture and also few industry to sustain the life of the people. Using of these opportunities fishery is an alternative means achieving food security and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. In spite of these opportunities, fishery sector of the economy has various problems, among others climate change, mismanagement of the resource, inappropriate policies and institution, inadequate technical and material backup to the sector and market are the major ones. The objective of this paper is to review the opportunities and challenges of fisheries in Ethiopia. Due to these challenges fishery is still an infant which means cannot fill the need of the demand. Therefore, the government and private should take consideration for fishery sub sector to increase productivity and gross domestic product of the country by alleviating these challenges.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, isolation of mastitis causing bacteria's and characterize antimicrobial susceptibility pattern at Holeta Agricultural Research Centre (HARC) Dairy Farms. Purposive sampling technique was employed and all lactating cows were involved in the study. Among 186 lactating cows consists of 92 Jersey as well as 94 cross breed (Boran X Holistein Fresian) were included in the study. Among selected cows, 131 (70.43%) cows were identified as bovine mastitis positive and out of which 10 (5.37%) had clinical mastitis and 121 (65.05%) had subclinical mastitis. The different types of bacterial species isolated in present study includes S. aureus (30.93%), staphylococcus other than S. aureus (14.43%), Str. agalactiae (5.15%), Str. Dysgalactiae (5.15%), Str. Uberis (12.37%), C. bovis (13.40%), E. coli (6.18%), P. aerogenosa (10.3%) and K. pneumonie (2.05%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 94% and 78.6% of total isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively which was followed by erythromycin and tetracycline with susceptibility rate of 73.8% and 69%, respectively. However, penicillin had shown susceptibility of 55.9% which was the least effective among the drugs used. In conclusion, different types of mastitis causing pathogens with variable rate of susceptibility to antimicrobials were able to identify. Therefore, antimicrobial therapy should be used after isolation of the suspected pathogen to avoid emergence of drug resistance.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 on 384 randomly selected sheep in two purposively selected peasant associations of Horro district with the objective of determining the prevalence and degree of gastrointestinal nematode infestation in sheep. Fecal samples collected from all study animals were subjected to parasitological investigation including simple test tube floatation and McMaster egg counting techniques for screening and counting the eggs of observed gastrointestinal (GIT) nematodes. The study found that the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep was 36.7% (141/384). Among the identified nematode parasite egg, strongyle eggs 64(16.66%) were the most prevalent followed by Trichuris 30(7.8%) and 29(7.55%) Strongyloidiasis. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in prevalence of GIT nematodes between different body conditions and age of the study animals. Animals with poor body conditions 75 (46.4%) were highly infected than animals with medium 51 (38.7%) and good body condition 15 (20%).The study revealed that the prevalence of nematodes significantly higher (p<0.05) in younger animals than in adults. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the prevalence of GIT nematodes in case of peasant associations and sex of animals. Based on the EPG result, the study animals were classified as light81 (57.4%), moderate 34 (24.1%) and severe 26 (18.4%) infection. The majority of examined animal had the EPG count in average of less than 800 which is lightly infested. Hence, this finding indicated that helminths parasites are more prevalent in the study area. So that, proper screening and monitoring of the sheep should be carried out regularly, regular and strategic deworming programmes should be carried out, and. further studies on should be done to know the seasonal prevalence of GIT parasites of sheep.

Millions of people around the globe use flora and fauna as source of ethno medicine since ancient times. Despite the fact that ethno medicine has been very crucial for the health of animal and human beings it has not yet been well documented, and much effort is needed in research and integration activities in Ethiopia. It is important to document the traditional knowledge of human communities, since the majority of such communities are losing their socioeconomic and cultural characteristics. This research was focused on assessing and identifying the knowledge of ethno medicine practices used for maintaining the health and curing diseases of humans and livestock in Sayo and Hawa Galan Districts. A purposive Study conducted from January 2018 to June 2019 on Ethno practitioners indicates sixty-six (66) different plant species under 38 families and 10 different animal species are used as medicine for different human and animal ailments. The most common herbal preparation method is concoction with oral route frequently used. Shrubs, herbs and trees are the common habitats whereas leaf, root, seed and coat are common parts of plants used as medicine. Different animal parts like hoof, blood, meat, liver is commonly used with different additives like milk, honey, salt.This study showed the wide use of medicinal plants and animals in Hawa Galan and Sayo District in meeting the primary healthcare needs of the community. Even though there is a wealth of indigenous knowledge transfer is declining from generation to generation as a result of oral transmission. This finding therefore may imply that conducting in-depth scientific studies may help elucidate the science underlying the efficacy of both animals and plants in managing health and this may lead to the discovery of useful Lead compound. Further studies concerning the conservation and management of the animal and plant resources are needed.

Background Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is an economically important respiratory disease in the poultry production system worldwide. It is characterized by rapid transmission and causing many obstacles to poultry industries in different parts of Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was employed from January to September 2021 to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of MG in domestic layer chickens in large and small commercial poultry farms in Hawassa and Bishoftu area, Ethiopia. A total of 368 blood samples were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version-20, reported as percent prevalence, and Pearson's chi-square was used to assess the association between factors considered to have association with MG infection. The samples were processed by using an indirect ELISA (ProFLOKIBV, USA) test coated with antibody against MG. Results The total seroprevalence of MG infection was found to be 70.65%. Significant variation in environmental risk factors with seroprevalence was assessed and the higher prevalence of MG was significantly ( χ 2 = 14.42; p < 0.05) higher in layer chicken farms found in Bishoftu. Likewise, it was significantly observed in the adult chicken and commercial production system. There were significant difference between breeds and ages of birds with the occurrences of MG ( χ 2 = 19.60 and χ 2 = 17.46, respectively). Management related risk factors found around the types of farms were significantly different with the occurrences of MG (OR = 52.5; p < 0.05). Conclusion The evidence from seroprevalence of the MG infection in the current finding provides an indication of the eminence of infection in the study areas. Moreover, it provides an insight on the prevalence of MG infection and further molecular characterization of the organism needs to be conducted in the areas. Biosecurity measures combined with vaccination and sero-monitoring should also be implemented in the farms.

Background. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious viral disease of chicken typically affecting the reproductive and respiratory tract and results in possible economic causes from its serious infectious and transmission characteristics. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried on serum samples of chickens selected from six (two commercial and four small holder) farms and two types of production (broiler and layer) to detect seroprevalence of IBV and its associated risk factors in Bishoftu and Holeta areas of central Ethiopia from June 2021 to September 2021. A total of 354 blood samples were collected and subjected to indirect ELISA test by IBV antibody test kit ((ProFLOK IBV), from ProFLOK Laboratories Inc., (USA)) to detect specific antibodies against IBV. Results. Overall, 97.46% seroprevalence was identified. From 230 and 124 samples collected from commercial and smallholder poultry farms, 226 (98.26%) and 119 (95.98%) positive results were obtained, respectively. Among the production types of chickens, high seroprevalence (99.31%) was found in layer poultry, and lower seroprevalence (96.17%) was found in the case of broiler chicken. Significant association was observed among different associated risk factors particularly age, sex, breed, and production types of chickens. From the tested chickens, all age groups, species, and farm types have high seroprevalence of IBV. The prevalence of IBV was highly significant ( p ≤ 0.01 ) in the study site. The risk factors indicated could have increased infection prevalence, pathogens’ economic impact, and disease occurrence. Conclusion. IBD is complicating factor affecting poultry production systems in the area. Vaccine and biosecurity measures are recommended for the control of IBV. Furtherly, identification and characterization (by using RT-PCR) of persistent serotype of IBV circulating in the field are recommended.

Background Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious viral disease challenging poultry industry throughout the world. It is also among the main obstacles in the different chicken production system in Ethiopia. This study was conducted with the aim of determining seroprevalence and associated risk factors of IBD in backyard and intensively managed chickens of the study area. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts of western Oromia on intensive and backyard production systems to investigate seroprevalence of IBD and associated risk factors from September 2020 to August 2021. A total of 384 chickens of either sex, 128 from each district, were included from three randomly selected peasant associations (PAs). In addition, 180 individual poultry keepers, of both sexes, and different educational backgrounds, were included for questionnaire survey ( Supplementary Material ). Data were analyzed using SPSS Version-20, and results were presented as percentages. The samples were processed by using (ProFLOKIBV, USA) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) kits. Results Out of 384 serum samples tested, 66.93% ( n = 257) were found positive by indirect ELISA. The highest prevalence was recorded from Sasiga district Balo Bareda PA. Prevalence of IBD showed significant statistical association ( p < 0.05) among owner education level, chicken rearing practice, origin and breed. Questionnaire survey results showed the majority of respondents lack sufficient knowledge about IBD and other chicken diseases. The practice of backyard chicken producers on vaccination and treatment of sick birds is limited. Conclusion In conclusion, IBD is a major factor hindering production and health of birds. Proper vaccination programs coordinated with awareness creation of chicken owners on how to isolate and treat sick birds should be implemented.

Background: Households consider their dogs and cats as their close friends. They act as companion animals. The contact between pets and their owners results in transmission of zoonotic disease. In Ethiopia, dogs and cats are the most abundant carnivores, and diseases associated with them affect wide parts of the community. There is limited knowledge, practice, and attitude within the communities toward pet contact associated zoonotic disease. Methods: A community-based semi-structured questionnaire complemented with an interview was delivered to 633 household pets' owners in Sibu Sire, Jimaa Arjo, and Wayu Tuqa districts in Western Ethiopia to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices toward pet contact associated zoonotic disease. Results: Socio-demographically, 54.6% of the study participants were female. According to this finding concerning common pet contact zoonotic disease, 70% of the respondents had knowledge about rabies, with Echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and ring worm also being commonly heard of. Contamination of feed and water (21.71%) and animal bites (21.01%) are the predominant modes of transmission, whereas animal waste, fecal oral route, and touching pets are also common ways for disseminating zoonotic disease. The dominant symptoms noted by respondents were behavioral change, depression, lack of appetite, itching, and diarrhea. In all attitude-related responses, there was a significant association (p<0.05) between the number of respondents and the variable studied. There was also a statistically significant association of KAP score (p<0.05) with educational rank and the work of respondents. Conclusion:This study indicates the importance of pet ownership to the community, which is also associated with transmitting different zoonotic diseases. Moreover, there are inconsistencies on regular veterinary use, pet management, and proper prevention and treatment measures of the disease. Coordinated efforts are expected from different stakeholders in enhancing community KAP level towards pet contact associated zoonosis.